Taxonomic revision and re-evaluation of the eastern North Atlantic deep-sea ostracods are conducted based on late Quaternary sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Twenty-one genera and 51 species were examined and (re-)illustrated with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images. Six new species are described: Polycope lunaris, Argilloecia labri, Bythoceratina nuda, Cytheropteron colesoabyssorum, Cytheropteron colesopunctatum and Cytheropteron paramediotumidum. Excellent fossil ostracod preservation in this sediment core enabled us to provide a robust taxonomic baseline of the eastern North Atlantic deep-sea ostracods for application to palaeoceanographical, palaeoecological and biogeographical studies.
deep-seaOstracodataxonomyQuaternaryeastern North Atlanticupper bathyalIntroduction
North Atlantic deep-sea ostracods have been well investigated (e.g. Brady, 1880; Whatley & Coles, 1987; Coles & Whatley, 1989; Dingle & Lord, 1990; Cronin & Raymo, 1997; Cronin et al., 1999; Didié et al., 2002; Yasuhara & Cronin, 2008; Yasuhara et al., 2008, 2009a; Alvarez Zarikian, 2009; Yamaguchi & Norris, 2012). However, detailed taxonomic studies using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) are still limited and concentrated on the ostracod faunas from the lower bathyal and abyssal zones (i.e. >2000 m water depth) (Whatley & Coles, 1987; Coles & Whatley, 1989; Coles et al., 1994; Alvarez Zarikian, 2009). Thus, little is known on the bathyal North Atlantic ostracod taxonomy, compared to well-investigated Mediterranean bathyal fauna (Bonaduce et al., 1976; Colalongo & Pasini, 1980; Aiello et al., 2000; Guernet, 2005; Aiello & Barra, 2010), even though bathyal faunas are usually much more diverse than abyssal faunas (e.g. Yasuhara et al., 2012). Furthermore, there is some taxonomic confusion in North Atlantic ostracod taxonomic, faunal and palaeoceanographic studies in which a same species has often been called by several different names (see synonymy lists in the present study).
Recently, Yasuhara et al. (2009b) conducted a comprehensive taxonomic revision of western North Atlantic Quaternary deep-sea ostracods using a sediment core taken from the upper bathyal zone with high-resolution SEM images of 87 species and a detailed literature survey. However, a comparable in-depth taxonomic study has not been undertaken previously for the upper bathyal zone of the eastern North Atlantic.
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 982A gave us an ideal opportunity to study eastern North Atlantic deep-sea ostracods from the upper bathyal zone in detail, because its sediments have an abundant, diverse and well-preserved ostracod fauna. Here we investigate late Quaternary ODP 982A ostracod taxonomy using high-resolution SEM images to reduce taxonomic confusion of North Atlantic bathyal ostracods. In addition, we briefly discuss similarity of bathyal ostracod faunas among the western and eastern North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the western North Pacific.
Materials and Methods
A total of 47 samples of ODP Hole 982A (57°30.992′N, 15°52.001′W, 1135.3 m water depth; Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic) covering the past 230 000 years and Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1–7 (Venz et al., 1999) were examined for ostracod taxonomy. The full information for the samples and specimens used for the present study is shown in Tables 1 and 2. Uncoated specimens were digitally imaged with a Philips XL-30 environmental SEM. High-resolution figures of ostracod SEM images (Figs 2–16) are available at Dryad (http://datadryad.org/; http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sc193. We follow the higher classification scheme of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS: http://www.marinespecies.org/) with certain modifications.
Detailed information of the specimens used for the present study.
USNM
No.
Species
T
V
Instar
Hole
Section
Figure
603625
ODP982154poly
Polycope martinezi
L
?
982A
1/3/2–4
2A
603626
ODP982161
Polycope lunaris sp. nov.
H
L?
A?
982A
1/3/42–44
2B
603627
ODP982162
Polycope lunaris sp. nov.
P
R?
A?
982A
1/3/42–44
2C
603628
ODP982155poly
Polycope cf. bireticulata
L
?
982A
1/3/32–34
2D
603629
ODP982156poly
Polycope cf. bireticulata
R
?
982A
1/3/32–34
2E
603630
ODP982157poly
Polycope orbicularis s.l.
R
?
982A
1/3/112–114
2F
603631
ODP982158poly
Polycope orbicularis s.l.
L
?
982A
1/3/112–114
2G
603632
ODP982159poly
Polycope vasfiensis
L
A?
982A
1/2/27–29
2H
603633
ODP982160poly
Polycope vasfiensis
R
A?
982A
1/2/27–29
2I
603634
ODP982163poly
Polycope reticulata
L
?
982A
1/3/32–34
2J
603635
ODP982164poly
Polycope reticulata
R
?
982A
1/3/32–34
2K
603636
ODP982075
Cytherella robusta
L
J
982A
1/2/107–109
3A
603637
ODP982076
Cytherella robusta
R
J
982A
1/2/107–109
3B
603638
ODP982066
Bairdoppilata conformis
L
A
982A
1/2/67–69
3C, D
603639
ODP982067
Bairdoppilata conformis
R
A
982A
1/3/82–84
3E, F
603640
ODP982124
Macrocyprissa arcuata
R
A
982A
1/1/97–99
3G
603641
ODP982126
Macrocyprissa arcuata
R
A
982A
1/3/102–104
3H
603642
ODP982125
Macrocyprissa arcuata
L
A
982A
1/3/102–104
3I
603643
ODP982062
Argilloecia acuminata
L
A
982A
1/1/60–62
4A
603644
ODP982063
Argilloecia acuminata
R
A
982A
1/1/60–62
4B
603645
ODP982064
Argilloecia acuminata
L
A
982A
1/1/50–52
4C
603646
ODP982065
Argilloecia acuminata
R
A
982A
1/1/50–52
4D
603647
ODP982052
Argilloecia caju
L
A
982A
1/2/17–19
4E
603648
ODP982053
Argilloecia caju
R
A
982A
1/2/17–19
4F
603649
ODP982058
Argilloecia labri sp. nov.
P
L
A
982A
1/3/102–104
4G
603650
ODP982059
Argilloecia labri sp. nov.
P
R
A
982A
1/3/102–104
4H
603651
ODP982060
Argilloecia labri sp. nov.
H
L
A
982A
1/1/50–52
4I
603652
ODP982061
Argilloecia labri sp. nov.
P
R
A
982A
1/3/82–84
4J
603653
ODP982054
Argilloecia bensoni
R
A
982A
1/1/97–99
4K
603654
ODP982057
Argilloecia bensoni
L
A
982A
1/1/142–144
4L
603655
ODP982056
Argilloecia bensoni
R
A
982A
1/3/112–114
4M
603656
ODP982055
Argilloecia bensoni
L
A
982A
1/1/107–109
4N
603657
ODP982165prop
Propontocypris acuminata
L
J?
982A
1/2/37–39
5A
603658
ODP982166prop
Propontocypris sp.
L
J?
982A
1/1/60–62
5B
603659
ODP982072
Bythoceratina scaberrima
L
A
982A
1/2/67–69
5C
603660
ODP982073
Bythoceratina nuda sp. nov.
H
L
A
982A
1/3/52–54
5D
603661
ODP982074
Bythoceratina nuda sp. nov.
P
R
A
982A
1/3/42–44
5E
603662
ODP982167pseu
Pseudocythere caudata
L
A?
982A
1/3/42–44
5F
603663
ODP982168pseu
Pseudocythere caudata
R
A?
982A
1/3/42–44
5G
603664
ODP982131
Paijenborchella cymbula
R
A
982A
1/1/97–99
5H
603665
ODP982132
Paijenborchella cymbula
L
A
982A
1/1/40–42
5I
603666
ODP982133
Paijenborchella cymbula
R
A
982A
1/1/40–42
5J
603667
ODP982134
Paijenborchella cymbula
L
A
982A
1/1/40–42
5K
603668
ODP982048
Aversovalva hydrodynamica
R
A
982A
1/1/107–109
6A
603669
ODP982049
Aversovalva hydrodynamica
L
A
982A
1/1/107–109
6B
603670
ODP982050
Aversovalva hydrodynamica
L
A
982A
1/1/107–109
6C
603671
ODP982051
Aversovalva hydrodynamica
R
A
982A
1/1/117–119
6D
603672
ODP982042
Cytheropteron aielloi
L
A
982A
1/3/42–44
6E
603673
ODP982043
Cytheropteron aielloi
R
A
982A
1/3/42–44
6F
603674
ODP982044
Cytheropteron aielloi
R
A
982A
1/3/42–44
6G
603675
ODP982084
Cytheropteron alatum
R
A
982A
1/3/112–114
6H
603676
ODP982077
Cytheropteron colesoabyssorum sp. nov.
H
R
A
982A
1/2/37–39
7A
603677
ODP982082
Cytheropteron colesopunctatum sp. nov.
H
R
A
982A
1/1/30–32
7B
603678
ODP982083
Cytheropteron colesopunctatum sp. nov.
P
L
A
982A
1/1/30–32
7C
603679
ODP982085
Cytheropteron didieae
R
A
982A
1/1/50–52
7D
603680
ODP982086
Cytheropteron didieae
R
A
982A
1/1/60–62
7E
603681
ODP982087
Cytheropteron didieae
R
A
982A
1/1/60–62
7F
603682
ODP982088
Cytheropteron didieae
L
A
982A
1/1/60–62
7G
603683
ODP982089
Cytheropteron didieae
L
A
982A
1/2/127–129
7H
603684
ODP982035
Cytheropteron fugu
L
A
982A
1/2/67–69
7I
603685
ODP982036
Cytheropteron fugu
L
A
982A
1/2/67–69
7J
603686
ODP982037
Cytheropteron fugu
R
A
982A
1/2/57–59
8A
603687
ODP982038
Cytheropteron fugu
R
A
982A
1/2/57–59
8B
603688
ODP982040
Cytheropteron omega
L
A
982A
1/4/12–14
8C
603689
ODP982039
Cytheropteron omega
R
A
982A
1/4/12–14
8D
603690
ODP982041
Cytheropteron omega
R
A
982A
1/3/132–134
8E
603691
ODP982045
Cytheropteron omega
L
A
982A
1/2/127–129
8F
603692
ODP982080
Cytheropteron inornatum
L
A
982A
1/1/97–99
8G
603693
ODP982079
Cytheropteron inornatum
R
A
982A
1/2/17–19
8H
603694
ODP982081
Cytheropteron inornatum
R
A
982A
1/1/97–99
8I
603695
ODP982078
Cytheropteron inornatum
L
A
982A
1/2/17–19
8J
603696
ODP982047
Cytheropteron massoni
L
A
982A
1/1/117–119
8K
603697
ODP982046
Cytheropteron massoni
R
A
982A
1/2/17–19
8L
603698
ODP982092
Cytheropteron paramediotumidum sp. nov.
H
L
A
982A
1/2/107–109
9A
603699
ODP982093
Cytheropteron paramediotumidum sp. nov.
P
R
A
982A
1/2/127–129
9B
603700
ODP982090
Cytheropteron demenocali
L
A
982A
1/1/137–139
9C
603701
ODP982091
Cytheropteron demenocali
R
A
982A
1/2/17–19
9D
603702
ODP982095
Cytheropteron pararhombiformis
L
A
982A
1/1/30–32
9E
603703
ODP982096
Cytheropteron pararhombiformis
R
A
982A
1/1/40–42
9F
603704
ODP982097
Cytheropteron paucipunctatum
L
A
982A
1/2/127–129
9G
603705
ODP982098
Cytheropteron paucipunctatum
R
A
982A
1/3/52–54
9H
603706
ODP982033
Cytheropteron perlaria
L
A
982A
1/2/17–19
10A
603707
ODP982034
Cytheropteron perlaria
R
A
982A
1/2/17–19
10B
603708
ODP982032
Cytheropteron pherozigzag
L
A
982A
1/1/142–144
10C
603709
ODP982031
Cytheropteron pherozigzag
R
A
982A
1/2/17–19
10D
603710
ODP982094
Cytheropteron pseudoalatum
L
A
982A
1/2/127–129
10E
603711
ODP982100
Eucytherura calabra
L
A
982A
1/1/70–72
10F
603712
ODP982101
Eucytherura calabra
L
A
982A
1/1/90–92
10G
603713
ODP982102
Eucytherura calabra
R
A
982A
1/1/107–109
10H
603714
ODP982004
Eucytherura multituberculata
R
A
982A
1/3/112–114
10I
603715
ODP982005
Eucytherura multituberculata
L
A
982A
1/3/92–94
10J
603716
ODP982001
Eucytherura tetrapteron
L
A
982A
1/3/112–114
11A
603717
ODP982002
Eucytherura tetrapteron
R
A
982A
1/3/112–114
11B
603718
ODP982003
Eucytherura tetrapteron
L
A
982A
1/3/112–114
11C
603719
ODP982104
Kangarina abyssicola
L
A
982A
1/1/137–139
11D
603720
ODP982103
Kangarina abyssicola
R
A
982A
1/1/70–72
11E
603721
ODP982136
Pedicythere atroposopetasi
L
A
982A
1/3/82–84
11F, G
603722
ODP982137
Pedicythere atroposopetasi
R
A
982A
1/3/82–84
11H, I
603723
ODP982138
Pedicythere atroposopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/70–72
12A
603724
ODP982139
Pedicythere atroposopetasi
L
A
982A
1/3/92–94
12B
603725
ODP982146
Pedicythere atroposopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/142–144
12C, D
603726
ODP982140
Pedicythere lachesisopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/97–99
12E, F
603727
ODP982141
Pedicythere lachesisopetasi
L
A
982A
1/3/122–124
12G, H
603728
ODP982142
Pedicythere lachesisopetasi
R
A
982A
1/3/122–124
12I, J
603729
ODP982144
Pedicythere lachesisopetasi
R
A
982A
1/3/122–124
13A
603730
ODP982145
Pedicythere lachesisopetasi
L
A
982A
1/1/60–62
13B
603731
ODP982143
Pedicythere lachesisopetasi
L
A
982A
1/3/122–124
13C, D
603732
ODP982147
Pedicythere kennettopetasi
L
A
982A
1/3/72–74
13E, F
603733
ODP982148
Pedicythere klothopetasi
L
A
982A
1/1/80–82
13G
603734
ODP982149pedi
Pedicythere klothopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/80–82
13H
603735
ODP982150
Pedicythere klothopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/80–82
13I, J
603736
ODP982151
Pedicythere klothopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/80–82
14A
603737
ODP982152
Pedicythere klothopetasi
L
A
982A
1/1/70–72
14B, C
603738
ODP982153
Pedicythere klothopetasi
R
A
982A
1/1/70–72
14D, E
603739
ODP982099
Eucythere triangula
L
A
982A
1/2/117–119
14F
603740
ODP982127-2
Cluthia sp.
L
A
982A
1/3/12–14
14G
603741
ODP982128
Cluthia sp.
R
A
982A
1/3/92–94
14H
603742
ODP982129-1
Cluthia sp.
L
A
982A
1/3/92–94
14I
603743
ODP982130
Cluthia sp.
R
A
982A
1/3/92–94
14J
603744
ODP982123
Loxoconchidea minima
L
A
982A
1/3/12–14
15A
603745
ODP982135
Paracytherois bondi
R
A
982A
1/1/80–82
15B, C
603746
ODP982169rock
Arcacythere enigmatica
L
A
982A
1/2/77–79
15D
603747
ODP982170rock
Arcacythere enigmatica
R
A
982A
1/2/77–79
15E
603748
ODP982171rock
Arcacythere enigmatica
L
A
982A
1/2/77–79
15F
603749
ODP982172rock
Arcacythere enigmatica
R
A
982A
1/2/77–79
15G
603750
ODP982173rock
Arcacythere enigmatica
R
A
982A
1/2/67–69
15H
603751
ODP982174rock
Arcacythere enigmatica
L
A
982A
1/3/92–94
15I
603752
ODP982027
Echinocythereis echinata
R
A
982A
1/1/142–144
16A
603753
ODP982028
Echinocythereis echinata
R
A
982A
1/1/142–144
16B
603754
ODP982029
Echinocythereis echinata
L
A
982A
1/3/72–74
16C
603755
ODP982030
Echinocythereis echinata
L
A
982A
1/3/72–74
16D
603756
ODP982022
Henryhowella asperrima
L
A
982A
1/1/137–139
16E
603757
ODP982023
Henryhowella asperrima
R
A
982A
1/1/137–139
16F
603758
ODP982026
Henryhowella asperrima
L
A
982A
1/1/0–2
16G
603759
ODP982024
Henryhowella asperrima
R
A
982A
1/1/142–144
16H, I
603760
ODP982025
Henryhowella asperrima
L
A
982A
1/1/107–109
16J, K
All specimens from late Quaternary sediments. Core samples are specified by standard ODP notation (core/section/interval). USNM, catalog number; No., M.Y.’s personal catalog number. T, type (P, paratype; H, holotype); V, valve (L, left; R, right); A, adult; J, juvenile.
The list of ODP 982A samples used for the present study.
Core
Section
Interval (top: cm)
Interval (bottom: cm)
MCD (cm)
Age (ka BP)
N
S
1
1
0
2
0
0.0
87
10
1
1
10
12
10
1.0
119
15
1
1
20
22
20
2.2
107
14
1
1
30
32
30
3.4
204
19
1
1
40
42
40
5.2
276
26
1
1
50
52
50
7.2
221
35
1
1
60
62
60
10.0
231
40
1
1
70
72
70
14.9
184
39
1
1
80
82
80
19.9
141
25
1
1
90
92
90
24.9
140
31
1
1
97
99
97
28.3
237
42
1
1
107
109
107
33.3
234
30
1
1
117
119
117
38.3
241
25
1
1
127
129
127
43.2
312
29
1
1
137
139
137
48.2
259
28
1
1
142
144
142
50.7
354
34
1
2
7
9
157
58.1
264
40
1
2
17
19
167
63.1
283
34
1
2
27
29
177
68.0
268
37
1
2
37
39
187
73.0
228
34
1
2
47
49
197
77.9
227
35
1
2
57
59
207
82.9
214
28
1
2
67
69
217
87.9
195
32
1
2
77
79
227
92.8
155
32
1
2
87
89
237
97.8
264
29
1
2
97
99
247
102.8
123
25
1
2
107
109
257
107.7
320
25
1
2
117
119
267
112.7
201
21
1
2
127
129
277
117.6
237
28
1
2
137
139
287
122.6
148
24
1
3
2
4
302
130.0
220
30
1
3
12
14
312
136.3
169
25
1
3
22
24
322
146.5
161
27
1
3
32
34
332
156.8
139
28
1
3
42
44
342
165.0
195
27
1
3
52
54
352
172.5
152
28
1
3
62
64
362
179.6
228
26
1
3
72
74
372
184.9
128
25
1
3
82
84
382
190.2
229
28
1
3
92
94
392
195.3
164
31
1
3
102
104
402
200.4
294
43
1
3
112
114
412
205.6
198
34
1
3
122
124
422
210.7
367
39
1
3
132
134
432
215.8
131
27
1
3
142
144
442
220.9
164
27
1
4
2
4
452
226.0
202
29
1
4
12
14
462
231.1
161
29
N, number of ostracode specimens per sample; S, number of ostracode species per sample. Chronology from Venz et al. (1999)
Locality map of ODP Hole 982A.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Polycope species. A, Polycope martinezi (Karanovic & Brandão, 2012), USNM 603625 (ODP982154poly); LV from 1/3/2–4. B–C, Polycope lunaris sp. nov.: B, Holotype USNM 603626 (ODP982161); adult? LV? from 1/3/42–44; C, Paratype USNM 603627 (ODP982162); adult? RV? from 1/3/42–44. D–E, Polycope cf. bireticulataJoy & Clark, 1977: D, USNM 603628 (ODP982155poly); LV from 1/3/32–34; E, USNM 603629 (ODP982156poly); RV from 1/3/32–34. F–G, Polycope orbicularis s.l. Sars, 1866: F, USNM 603630 (ODP982157poly); RV from 1/3/112–114; G, USNM 603631 (ODP982158poly); LV from 1/3/112–114. H–I, Polycope vasfiensisSissingh, 1972: H, USNM 603632 (ODP982159poly); adult? LV from 1/2/27–29; I, USNM 603633 (ODP982160poly); adult? RV from 1/2/27–29. J–K, Polycope reticulataMüller, 1894: J, USNM 603634 (ODP982163poly); LV from 1/3/32–34; K, USNM 603635 (ODP982164poly); RV from 1/3/32–34. All lateral views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Cytherella robustaColalongo & Pasini, 1980, Bairdoppilata conformis (Terquem, 1878) and Macrocyprissa arcuata (Colalongo & Pasini, 1980). A–B, Cytherella robustaColalongo & Pasini, 1980: A, USNM 603636 (ODP982075); juvenile LV from 1/2/107–109; B, USNM 603637 (ODP982076); juvenile RV from 1/2/107–109. C–F, Bairdoppilata conformis (Terquem, 1878): C–D, USNM 603638 (ODP982066); adult LV from 1/2/67–69; E–F, USNM 603639 (ODP982067); adult RV from 1/3/82–84. G–I, Macrocyprissa arcuata (Colalongo & Pasini, 1980): G, USNM 603640 (ODP982124); adult RV from 1/1/97–99; H, USNM 603641 (ODP982126); adult RV from 1/3/102–104; I, USNM 603642 (ODP982125); adult LV from 1/3/102–104. A–C, E, G–I, lateral views; D, F, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 1 mm.
SEM images of Argilloecia species. A–D, Argilloecia acuminataMüller, 1894: A, USNM 603643 (ODP982062); adult LV from 1/1/60–62; B, USNM 603644 (ODP982063); adult RV from 1/1/60–62; C, USNM 603645 (ODP982064); adult LV from 1/1/50–52; D, USNM 603646 (ODP982065); adult RV from 1/1/50–52. E–F, Argilloecia cajuYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: E, USNM 603647 (ODP982052); adult LV from 1/2/17–19; F, USNM 603648 (ODP982053); adult RV from 1/2/17–19. G–J, Argilloecia labri sp. nov.: G, Paratype USNM 603649 (ODP982058); adult LV from 1/3/102–104; H, Paratype USNM 603650 (ODP982059); adult RV from 1/3/102–104; I, Holotype USNM 603651 (ODP982060); adult LV from 1/1/50–52; J, Paratype USNM 603652 (ODP982061); adult RV from 1/3/82–84. K–N, Argilloecia bensoniBarra, Aiello & Bonaduce, 1996: K, USNM 603653 (ODP982054); adult RV from 1/1/97–99; L, USNM 603654 (ODP982057); adult LV from 1/1/142–144; M, USNM 603655 (ODP982056); adult RV from 1/3/112–114; N, USNM 603656 (ODP982055); adult LV from 1/1/107–109. C–F, I–J, M–N, lateral views; A–B, G–H, K–L, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 1 mm.
SEM images of Propontocypris, Bythoceratina, Pseudocythere and Paijenborchella species. A, Propontocypris acuminata (Müller, 1894), USNM 603657 (ODP982165prop); juvenile? LV from 1/2/37–39. B, Propontocypris sp., USNM 603658 (ODP982166prop); juvenile? LV from 1/1/60–62. C, Bythoceratina scaberrima (Brady, 1886), USNM 603659 (ODP982072); adult LV from 1/2/67–69. D–E, Bythoceratina nuda sp. nov.: D, Holotype USNM 603660 (ODP982073); adult LV from 1/3/52–54; E, Paratype USNM 603661 (ODP982074); adult RV from 1/3/42–44. F–G, Pseudocythere caudataSars, 1866:. F, USNM 603662 (ODP982167pseu); adult? LV from 1/3/42–44; G, USNM 603663 (ODP982168pseu); adult? RV from 1/3/42–44. H–K, Paijenborchella cymbulaRuggieri, 1950: H, USNM 603664 (ODP982131); adult RV from 1/1/97–99; I, USNM 603665 (ODP982132); adult LV from 1/1/40–42; J, USNM 603666 (ODP982133); adult RV from 1/1/40–42; K, USNM 603667 (ODP982134); adult LV from 1/1/40–42. A–J, lateral views; K, internal view. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Aversovalva and Cytheropteron species. A–D, Aversovalva hydrodynamicaWhatley & Coles, 1987: A, USNM 603668 (ODP982048); adult RV from 1/1/107–109; B, USNM 603669 (ODP982049); adult LV from 1/1/107–109; C, USNM 603670 (ODP982050); adult LV from 1/1/107–109; D, USNM 603671 (ODP982051); adult RV from 1/1/117–119. E–G, Cytheropteron aielloiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: E, USNM 603672 (ODP982042); adult LV from 1/3/42–44; F, USNM 603673 (ODP982043); adult RV from 1/3/42–44; G, USNM 603674 (ODP982044); adult RV from 1/3/42–44; H, Cytheropteron alatumSars, 1866, USNM 603675 (ODP982084); adult RV from 1/3/112–114. A–B, E–F, H, lateral views; C–D, G, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Cytheropteron species. A, Cytheropteron colesoabyssorum sp. nov., Holotype USNM 603676 (ODP982077); adult RV from 1/2/37–39. B–C, Cytheropteron colesopunctatum sp. nov.: B, Holotype USNM 603677 (ODP982082); adult RV from 1/1/30–32; C, Paratype USNM 603678 (ODP982083); adult LV from 1/1/30–32. D–H, Cytheropteron didieaeYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: D, USNM 603679 (ODP982085); adult RV from 1/1/50–52; E, USNM 603680 (ODP982086); adult RV from 1/1/60–62; F, USNM 603681 (ODP982087); adult RV from 1/1/60–62; G, USNM 603682 (ODP982088); adult LV from 1/1/60–62; H, USNM 603683 (ODP982089); adult LV from 1/2/127–129. I–J, Cytheropteron fuguYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: I, USNM 603684 (ODP982035); adult LV from 1/2/67–69; J, USNM 603685 (ODP982036); adult LV from 1/2/67–69. A–E, G, I, lateral views; F, H, J, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Cytheropteron species. A–B, Cytheropteron fuguYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: A, USNM 603686 (ODP982037); adult RV from 1/2/57–59; B, USNM 603687 (ODP982038); adult RV from 1/2/57–59. C–F, Cytheropteron omegaAiello, Barra & Bonaduce, 1996: C, USNM 603688 (ODP982040); adult LV from 1/4/12–14; D, USNM 603689 (ODP982039); adult RV from 1/4/12–14; E, USNM 603690 (ODP982041); adult RV from 1/3/132–134; F, USNM 603691 (ODP982045); adult LV from 1/2/127–129. G–J, Cytheropteron inornatumBrady & Robertson, 1872: G, USNM 603692 (ODP982080); adult LV from 1/1/97–99; H, USNM 603693 (ODP982079); adult RV from 1/2/17–19; I, USNM 603694 (ODP982081); adult RV from 1/1/97–99; J, USNM 603695 (ODP982078); adult LV from 1/2/17–19. K–L, Cytheropteron massoniWhatley & Coles, 1987: K, USNM 603696 (ODP982047); adult LV from 1/1/117–119; L, USNM 603697 (ODP982046); adult RV from 1/2/17–19. A, C–D, G–H, K–L, lateral views; B, E–F, I–J, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Cytheropteron species. A–B, Cytheropteron paramediotumidum sp. nov.: A, Holotype USNM 603698 (ODP982092); adult LV from 1/2/107–109; B, Paratype USNM 603699 (ODP982093); adult RV from 1/2/127–129. C–D, Cytheropteron demenocaliYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: C, USNM 603700 (ODP982090); adult LV from 1/1/137–139; D, USNM 603701 (ODP982091); adult RV from 1/2/17–19. E–F, Cytheropteron pararhombiformisZhao, Whatley & Zhou, 2000: E, USNM 603702 (ODP982095); adult LV from 1/1/30–32; F, USNM 603703 (ODP982096); adult RV from 1/1/40–42. G–H, Cytheropteron paucipunctatumWhatley & Coles, 1987: G, USNM 603704 (ODP982097); adult LV from 1/2/127–129; H, USNM 603705 (ODP982098); adult RV from 1/3/52–54. All lateral views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Cytheropteron and Eucytherura species. A–B, Cytheropteron perlaria Hao, 1988: A, USNM 603706 (ODP982033); adult LV from 1/2/17–19; B, USNM 603707 (ODP982034); adult RV from 1/2/17–19. C–D, Cytheropteron pherozigzagWhatley, Ayress & Downing, 1986: C, USNM 603708 (ODP982032); adult LV from 1/1/142–144; D, USNM 603709 (ODP982031); adult RV from 1/2/17–19. E, Cytheropteron pseudoalatumColalongo & Pasini, 1980, USNM 603710 (ODP982094); adult LV from 1/2/127–129. F–H, Eucytherura calabra (Colalongo & Pasini, 1980): F, USNM 603711 (ODP982100); adult LV from 1/1/70–72; G, USNM 603712 (ODP982101); adult LV from 1/1/90–92; H, USNM 603713 (ODP982102); adult RV from 1/1/107–109. I–J, Eucytherura multituberculataAyress, Whatley, Downing & Millson, 1995: I, USNM 603714 (ODP982004); adult RV from 1/3/112–114; J, USNM 603715 (ODP982005); adult LV from 1/3/92–94. A–F, H–J, lateral views; G, internal view. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Eucytherura, Kangarina and Pedicythere species. A–C, Eucytherura tetrapteron (Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976): A, USNM 603716 (ODP982001); adult LV from 1/3/112–114; B, USNM 603717 (ODP982002); adult RV from 1/3/112–114; C, USNM 603718 (ODP982003); adult LV from 1/3/112–114. D–E, Kangarina abyssicola (Müller, 1894): D, USNM 603719 (ODP982104); adult LV from 1/1/137–139; E, USNM 603720 (ODP982103); adult RV from 1/1/70–72. F–I, Pedicythere atroposopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: F–G, USNM 603721 (ODP982136); adult LV from 1/3/82–84; H–I, USNM 603722 (ODP982137); adult RV from 1/3/82–84. A–B, D–F, H, lateral views; C, internal view; G, I, oblique views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Pedicythere species. A–D, Pedicythere atroposopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: A, USNM 603723 (ODP982138); adult RV from 1/1/70–72; B, USNM 603724 (ODP982139); adult LV from 1/3/92–94; C–D, USNM 603725 (ODP982146); adult RV from 1/1/142–144. E–J, Pedicythere lachesisopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: E–F, USNM 603726 (ODP982140); adult RV from 1/1/97–99; G–H, USNM 603727 (ODP982141); adult LV from 1/3/122–124; I–J, USNM 603728 (ODP982142); adult RV from 1/3/122–124. C, E, G, I, lateral views; A–B, internal views; D, F, H, J, oblique views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Pedicythere species. A–D, Pedicythere lachesisopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: A, USNM 603729 (ODP982144); adult RV from 1/3/122–124; B, USNM 603730 (ODP982145); adult LV from 1/1/60–62; C–D, USNM 603731 (ODP982143); adult LV from 1/3/122–124. E–F, Pedicythere kennettopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009, USNM 603732 (ODP982147); adult LV from 1/3/72–74. G–J, Pedicythere klothopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: G, USNM 603733 (ODP982148); adult LV from 1/1/80–82; H, USNM 603734 (ODP982149pedi); adult RV from 1/1/80–82; I–J, USNM 603735 (ODP982150); adult RV from 1/1/80–82. C, E, H, J, lateral views; A–B, G, internal views; D, F, I, oblique views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Pedicythere, Eucythere and Cluthia species. A–E, Pedicythere klothopetasiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: A, USNM 603736 (ODP982151); adult RV from 1/1/80–82; B–C, USNM 603737 (ODP982152); adult LV from 1/1/70–72; D–E, USNM 603738 (ODP982153); adult RV from 1/1/70–72. F, Eucythere triangulaWhatley & Coles, 1987, USNM 603739 (ODP982099); adult LV from 1/2/117–119. G–J, Cluthia sp.: G, USNM 603740 (ODP982127-2); adult LV from 1/3/12–14; H, USNM 603741 (ODP982128); adult RV from 1/3/92–94; I, USNM 603742 (ODP982129-1); adult LV from 1/3/92–94; J, USNM 603743 (ODP982130); adult RV from 1/3/92–94. C–D, F–H, lateral views; A, I–J, internal views; B, E, oblique views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm.
SEM images of Loxoconchidea, Paracytherois, and Arcacythere species. A, Loxoconchidea minimaBonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976, USNM 603744 (ODP982123); adult LV from 1/3/12–14. B–C, Paracytherois bondiYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin, 2009: USNM 603745 (ODP982135); adult RV from 1/1/80–82. D–I, Arcacythere enigmatica (Whatley, Frame & Whittaker, 1978): D, USNM 603746 (ODP982169rock); adult LV from 1/2/77–79; E, USNM 603747 (ODP982170rock); adult RV from 1/2/77–79; F, USNM 603748 (ODP982171rock); adult LV from 1/2/77–79; G, USNM 603749 (ODP982172rock); adult RV from 1/2/77–79; H, USNM 603750 (ODP982173rock); adult RV from 1/2/67–69; I, USNM 603751 (ODP982174rock); adult LV from 1/3/92–94. A–G, lateral views; H–I, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm for A–B, D–I and 0.1 mm for C.
SEM images of Echinocythereis and Henryhowella species. A–D, Echinocythereis echinata (Sars, 1866): A, USNM 603752 (ODP982027); adult RV from 1/1/142–144; B, USNM 603753 (ODP982028); adult RV from 1/1/142–144; C, USNM 603754 (ODP982029); adult LV from 1/3/72–74; D, USNM 603755 (ODP982030); adult LV from 1/3/72–74. E–K, Henryhowella asperrima (Reuss, 1850): E, USNM 603756 (ODP982022); adult LV from 1/1/137–139; F, USNM 603757 (ODP982023); adult RV from 1/1/137–139; G, USNM 603758 (ODP982026); adult LV from 1/1/0–2; H–I, USNM 603759 (ODP982024); adult RV from 1/1/142–144; J–K, USNM 603760 (ODP982025); adult LV from 1/1/107–109. A, C, E–G, I, K, lateral views; B, D, H, J, internal views. All specimens from late Quaternary section of ODP Hole 982A, Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic. Scale bar represents 1 mm.
Repository. Figured specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Washington DC, catalogue numbers USNM 603625–USNM 603760).
Abbreviations. LV, left valve; RV, right valve; L, length (mm); H, height (mm).
SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY
Class OstracodaLatreille, 1802
Subclass MyodocopaSars, 1866
Order HalocypridaDana, 1853
Suborder CladocopinaSars, 1866
Superfamily PolycopideaSars, 1866
Family PolycopidaeSars, 1866
Genus PolycopeSars, 1866
Type species. Polycope orbicularisSars, 1866
Remarks. We use the genus name Polycope in a broad sense following typical deep-sea ostracod taxonomy, but note that recent zoological studies, for example Karanovic & Brandão (2012), divide the genus into several separate genera based on soft parts, which are not preserved in fossil ostracods.
Polycope martinezi (Karanovic & Brandão, 2012)
(Fig. 2A)
2001 Polycope sp. cf. P. arcys Joy & Clark; Didié & Bauch: 104, pl. 1, fig. 28 (as erratum for Didié & Bauch, 2000).
2009bPolycope arcys Joy & Clark; Yasuhara et al.: 881, pl. 1, fig. 6.
Remarks.Polycope martinezi is very similar to the Arctic species Polycope arcys, but distinguished by lacking obvious lateral spines and having finer reticulation. P. martinezi was originally reported from the equatorial Atlantic (Karanovic & Brandão, 2012) and is also known from the North Atlantic (Didié & Bauch, 2000, 2001; Yasuhara et al. 2009b).
Polycope lunaris sp. nov.
(Fig. 2B–C)
2001 Polycope sp. Didié & Bauch: 103, pl. 1, fig. 27 (as erratum for Didié & Bauch, 2000).
Derivation of name. From Latin lunaris (adjective; nominative singular; gender, neutral) = lunar.
Diagnosis. A small, heavily calcified Polycope species with well-developed primary reticulation.
Holotype. LV, USNM 603626 (ODP982161) (Fig. 2B).
Paratype. RV, USNM 603627 (ODP982162).
Type locality and horizon. ODP 982A, 1/3/42–44.
Description. Carapace heavily calcified, small in size. Outline rounded in lateral view. Lateral surface ornamented with well-developed, rounded primary reticulation. Anteroventral ridge thick, well developed and bearing no reticulation. Internal features as for genus.
Dimensions. USNM 603626 (ODP982161) (Holotype), L = 0.378, H = 0.343; USNM 603627 (ODP982162) (Paratype), L = 0.353, H = 0.328.
Remarks. This species is distinctive from any other Polycope species by having a heavily calcified carapace with well-developed, rounded primary reticulation and thick anteroventral ridge.
Polycope cf. bireticulataJoy & Clark, 1977
(Fig. 2D–E)
2009bPolycope cf. bireticulata Joy & Clark; Yasuhara et al.: 881, pl. 1, figs 3 and 4.
Remarks. ODP 982A specimens have better developed reticulation compared to the specimens from the western North Atlantic (Yasuhara et al., 2009b), considered here to be intraspecific variation. This species is similar to P. bireticulata, but the latter has a more evenly rounded outline and different alignment of muri (Yasuhara et al. in press b).
Polycope orbicularis s.l. Sars, 1866
(Fig. 2F–G)
2009bPolycope cf. orbicularis Sars; Yasuhara et al.: 881, pl. 1, fig. 5.
2009bPolycope orbicularis s.l. Sars; Yasuhara et al.: 881.
Remarks. We consider that Polycope reticulata sensu Bonaduce et al. (1976) is not conspecific with P. reticulataMüller, 1894 because the original sketch by Müller (1894, pl. 8, fig. 20) lacks secondary reticulation and has a different primary reticulation pattern and more inflated carapace.
Subclass PodocopaMüller, 1894
Order PlatycopidaSars, 1866
Suborder PlatycopinaSars, 1866
Superfamily CytherelloideaSars, 1866
Family CytherellidaeSars, 1866
Genus CytherellaJones, 1849
Type species. Cytherina ovataRoemer, 1841 (designated by Ulrich, 1894)
Cytherella robustaColalongo & Pasini, 1980
(Fig. 3A–B)
1979Cytherella sp. 11 Ducasse & Peypouquet: pl. 1, figs 3–4.
1980Cytherella robusta Colalongo & Pasini: 78, pl. 6, figs 4–10.
1996bCytherella robusta Colalongo & Pasini; Aiello et al.: 184, pl. 2, figs 4–5, 8–12.
2001 Cytherella serratula (Brady); Didié & Bauch: 104, pl. 1, fig. 5 (erratum for Didié & Bauch, 2000).
2001 Cytherella sp. 1 Didié & Bauch: 104, pl. 1, fig. 6 (erratum for Didié & Bauch, 2000).
2001 Cytherella sp. 2 Didié & Bauch: 104, pl. 1, fig. 7 (erratum for Didié & Bauch, 2000).
2009 Cytherella sp. Alvarez Zarikian: 7, pl. P10, fig. 5.
2009bCytherella robusta s.l. Colalongo & Pasini; Yasuhara et al.: 882, pl. 1, figs 7–12.
Remarks. Juvenile specimens of Cytherella robusta are shown here. As discussed in Yasuhara & Okahashi (in press), this species has certain intraspecific variation. A comprehensive synonymy list in Aiello et al. (1996b), Yasuhara et al. (2009b) and Yasuhara & Okahashi (in press).
Order PodocopidaSars, 1866
Suborder BairdiocopinaGründel, 1967
Superfamily BairdioideaSars, 1866
Family BairdiidaeSars, 1866
Remarks. We follow Maddocks’ (1969) genus-level taxonomy for this family.
Genus BairdoppilataCoryell, Sample & Jennings (1935)
Type species.Bairdoppilata martyniCoryell, Sample & Jennings (1935)
Bairdoppilata conformis (Terquem, 1878)
(Fig. 3C–F)
1878 Bairdia subdeltoidea var. conformis Terquem: 93, pl. 10, fig. 17a–c.
1962Bairdia conformis Terquem; Ruggieri: 13.
1976 Bairdia conformis Terquem; Bonaduce et al.: 22, pl. 6, figs 5–10.
2000Bairdoppilata conformis (Terquem); Aiello et al.: 85, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Remarks. A comprehensive synonymy list is in Aiello et al. (2000) and supplemented herein. Our specimens are identical to that shown in Aiello et al. (2000). Our specimens are also very similar to the specimens in Terquem (1878) and Bonaduce et al. (1976), but the latter specimens have a more heavily calcified carapace and slightly more upturned caudal process. Other authors have also reported this species, but with a slightly different outline (Sciuto, 2003) or without images (Faranda et al., 2008; Aiello & Barra, 2010). We consider all of these differences as intraspecific variation and include them in Bairdoppilata conformis. Slight differences in outlines may be due to intraspecific variation in calcification. No SEM or microscopic image of type specimens has been published.
Suborder CypridocopinaJones, 1901
Superfamily MacrocypridoideaMüller, 1912
Family MacrocyprididaeMüller, 1912
Genus MacrocyprissaTriebel, 1960
Type species.Bairdia cylindraceaBornemann, 1855
Macrocyprissa arcuata (Colalongo & Pasini, 1980)
(Fig. 3G–I)
1980Paramacrocypris arcuata Colalongo & Pasini: 106, pl. 25, figs 1–8.
1990Macrocyprissa arcuata (Colalongo & Pasini); Maddocks: 85, figs 12.17–18, 13.17–18, 21.24, 23.24, 24.34, 28.29–30, 29.9, 35.19, 44.5, 47.6–7, 50.15–19, 51.9–13, 56.10, 24, 27, 57.11, 32, 58.18, 59.26, 33, 60.4, 63.3, 17, 64.23, 40, 51, 68.5, 72.1–3, 76.3, 78.9–10; pl. 30, figs 7–10, pl. 31, figs 7–11; pl. 67, figs 8–9; pl. 68, figs 6–14; pl. 69, fig. 1; pl. 70, figs 1–4; pl. 80, fig. 7; pl. 91, figs 10–14; pl. 104, figs 1–5; pl. 111, fig. 6.
1996 Macrocyprissa arcuata (Colalongo & Pasini); Coles et al.: 132, pl. 1, figs 10–11.
Remarks. A comprehensive synonymy list is given in Maddocks (1990).
Superfamily PontocypridoideaMüller, 1894
Family PontocyprididaeMüller, 1894
Genus ArgilloeciaSars, 1866
Type species. Argilloecia cylindricaSars, 1866
Argilloecia acuminataMüller, 1894
(Fig. 4A–D)
1894 Argilloecia acuminata Müller: 261, pl. 12, figs 1–2, 12–22.
1975Argilloecia acuminata Müller; Breman: 82, pl. 2, fig. 21, pl. 6, fig. 69.
Remarks.Argilloecia caju is similar to Pacific species A. viriosa Hao, 1988 (in Ruan & Hao, 1988), but distinguished by having a much more slender outline. A. caju was originally reported from the western North Atlantic (Yasuhara et al., 2009b) and is here confirmed in the eastern North Atlantic.
Description. Carapace moderately calcified, small, highest at mid-length. Outline trapezoidal in lateral view; anterior margin rounded and upturned; posterior margin acuminate and slightly upturned; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin slightly sinuous. Anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins obtuse-angular. RV strongly overlaps LV. Lateral surface smooth. Internal features as for genus.
Dimensions. USNM 603651 (ODP982060) (Holotype), L = 0.461, H = 0.202;
USNM 603650 (ODP982059) (Paratype), L = 0.497, H = 0.223.
Remarks. This species is similar to the Pacific species Argilloecia spicata Hao, 1988 (in Ruan & Hao, 1988), but distinguished by having a much more upturned posterior margin.
Argilloecia bensoniBarra, Aiello & Bonaduce, 1996
(Fig. 4K–N)
1996 Argilloecia bensoni Barra, Aiello & Bonaduce: 129, pl. 2, figs 3–4; pl. 3, figs 1–3.
Remarks. This species was originally reported from Mediterranean Plio-Pleistocene strata.
Genus PropontocyprisSylvester-Bradley, 1947
Type species.Pontocypris trigonellaSars, 1866
Propontocypris acuminata (Müller, 1894)
(Fig. 5A)
1894 Erythrocypris acuminata Müller: 259, pl. 11, figs 5–6, 16–18, 40–42; pl. 28, figs 23, 30; pl. 38, figs 47–48.
1976 Pontocypris acuminata (Müller); Bonaduce et al.: 25, pl. 9, figs 1–2.
2000Pontocypris sp. Didié & Bauch: 116, pl. 4, fig. 17.
Remarks. Comprehensive synonymy list and detailed discussion in Guernet (2005) and Yasuhara et al. (in press b).
Bythoceratina nuda sp. nov.
(Fig. 5D–E)
Derivation of name. From Latin nuda (adjective, nominative singular, gender feminine or neuter) = stripped, with reference to its carapace without any spine or reticulation.
Diagnosis. A large, moderately calcified Bythoceratina species without spines or reticulation.
Holotype. LV, USNM 603660 (ODP982073) (Fig. 5D)
Paratype. RV, USNM 603661 (ODP982074).
Type locality and horizon. ODP 982A, 1/3/52–54.
Description. Carapace moderately calcified, large, highest at anterodorsal corner (= anterior cardinal angle). Outline parallelogram-like in lateral view; anterior margin rounded; caudal process upturned; dorsal margin sinuous; ventral margin slightly curved. Anterodorsal margin prominent; posterodorsal margin slightly angular. Lateral surface smooth. A ventrolateral ridge well developed, reaching to anterior margin; thin dorsolateral ridge present. A median sulcus present, but very shallow. Internal features as for genus.
Dimensions. USNM 603660 (ODP982073) (Holotype), L = 0.920, H = 0.462; USNM 603661 (ODP982074) (Paratype), L = 0.948, H = 0.471.
Remarks. This species is distinguished from any other Bythoceratina species by its lack of spines and reticulation.
Genus PseudocythereSars, 1866
Type species.Pseudocythere caudataSars, 1866
Pseudocythere caudataSars, 1866
(Fig. 5F–G)
1866 Pseudocythere caudata Sars: 88.
1926 Pseudocythere caudata Sars; Sars: 239, pl. 109, fig. 2a–k.
2009bPseudocythere caudata Sars; Yasuhara et al.: 892, pl. 4, figs 7–12.
Remarks. We think that this species has considerable intraspecific variation. A comprehensive synonymy list and detailed discussion are given in Yasuhara et al. (in press b).
Family CytheridaeBaird, 1850
Genus PaijenborchellaKingma, 1948
Type species.Paijenborchella iocosaKingma, 1948
Paijenborchella cymbulaRuggieri, 1950
(Fig. 5H–K)
1950Paijenborchella cymbula Ruggieri: 60, 1 unnumbered fig. on p. 61.
Remarks. A comprehensive synonymy list can be found in Aiello et al. (2000) and Guernet (2005). To our knowledge, this is the first well-illustrated record (SEM images) of this species from the Atlantic. This species was recently reported from the Iberian Margin at IODP Site U1387 (Expedition 339 Scientists, 2013).
Family CytheruridaeMüller, 1894
Genus AversovalvaHornibrook, 1952
Type species.Cytheropteron (Aversovalva) aureumHornibrook, 1952
Remarks. Several authors have considered AversovalvaHornibrook, 1952 as a subgenus (Aiello et al., 1996a) or junior synonym (Whatley & Masson, 1979; Horne & Whittaker, 1988) of CytheropteronSars, 1866. However, in our opinion, differences in hingement and outline including a straight median hinge element, highly developed smooth and rounded terminal teeth clearly distinct from the median hinge element, and parallelogram-like outline in Aversovalva (e.g. Figs 6C–D) are sufficient to separate Aversovalva from Cytheropteron. Most recent deep-sea ostracod papers have considered Aversovalva as an independent genus (e.g. see synonymy of Aversovalva hydrodynamica below), supporting our decision.
Remarks. Very similar, but slightly different species are reported from the western North Atlantic as Aversovalva sp. 1 and A. cf. hydrodynamica (Yasuhara et al., 2009b). A Pliocene Mediterranean species Aversovalva denticulatum (Aiello, Barra & Bonaduce, 1996) shows strong affinity to A. hydrodynamicaWhatley & Coles, 1987, but the former has a more triangular outline. A. hydrodynamica is also similar to A. consueta (Dall’Antonia, 2003), but the latter has thicker and more downward-extended alae and weaker reticulation. Although Coles et al. (1990, 1996) suggested a global distribution for this species, reliable records with SEM images are restricted in the eastern North Atlantic.
Genus CytheropteronSars, 1866
Type species. Cythere latissimaNorman, 1865 (designated by Brady & Norman, 1889; see Horne & Whittaker (1988) for details and lectotype).
Remarks. We agree with Horne & Whittaker (1988) and consider KobayashiinaHanai, 1957b and LobosocytheropteronIshizaki & Gunther, 1974 as junior synonyms of Cytheropteron.
2000Cytheropteron alatum Sars; Didié & Bauch: pl. 2, fig. 6.
Remarks. Reliable occurrence records of this species with SEM image(s) or sketches are known only from the eastern North Atlantic as listed in the synonymy list above. Detailed discussion of this species can be found in Yasuhara et al. (in press b).
Cytheropteron colesoabyssorum sp. nov.
(Fig. 7A)
1996 Cytheropteron cf. abyssorum Brady; Coles et al.: 136, pl. 3, figs 12–13.
Derivation of name. In honour of Graham P. Coles for his contribution to deep-sea ostracod research; and with reference to its similarity to Cytheropteron abyssorum as indicated by him.
Diagnosis. A large, moderately calcified Cytheropteron species with finely punctate carapace, upturned caudal process, and relatively rounded outline.
Holotype. RV, USNM 603676 (ODP982077) (Fig. 7A).
Type locality and horizon. ODP 982A, 1/2/37–39.
Description. Carapace moderately calcified, large, highest at mid-length. Outline rhomboidal and rounded in lateral view; anterior margin evenly rounded; caudal process strongly upturned; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin slightly curved; alae well developed, almost reaching to anterior margin and slightly extended below ventral margin; median sulcus present on alae; thin dorsolateral ridge present along dorsal margin. Anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins slightly angular. Lateral surface finely punctate. Internal features as for genus.
Dimensions. USNM 603676 (ODP982077) (Holotype), L = 0.489, H = 0.301.
Remarks.Cytheropteron colesoabyssorum sp. nov. is similar to C. abyssorumBrady, 1880 (see Passlow & Ayress, 1994) in certain aspects, such as presence of a median sulcus on alae and punctate carapace, but easily distinguished by having much finer punctation covering entire carapace, thinner and longer alae, and upturned caudal process and presence of dorsolateral ridge. C. colesoabyssorum sp. nov. is similar to C. cf. tenuialatum of Coles et al. (1996), but distinguished by having a dorsolateral ridge and more strongly upturned caudal process, and by the absence of primary reticulation on the caudal process.
Cytheropteron colesopunctatum sp. nov.
(Fig. 7B–C)
1996 (part) Cytheropteron gr. punctatum Brady; Coles et al.: 136, pl. 3, figs 7–8 (non 5–6).
in press aCytheropteron sp. Yasuhara et al.: fig. 6.7–8.
Derivation of name. In honour of Graham P. Coles for his contribution to deep-sea ostracod research; and with reference to its similarity to Cytheropteron punctatum as indicated by him.
Diagnosis. A large, moderately calcified Cytheropteron species with coarsely punctate carapace and horizontally long, well-developed alae.
Holotype. RV, USNM 603677 (ODP982082) (Fig. 7B).
Paratype. LV, USNM 603678 (ODP982083).
Type locality and horizon. ODP 982A, 1/1/30–32.
Description. Carapace moderately calcified, large, highest at mid-length. Outline rhomboidal or almond-like in lateral view; anterior margin evenly rounded; caudal process prominent and upturned; dorsal margin arched and slightly sinuous; ventral margin curved; alae curved, horizontally long and well-developed, reaching to anterior margin and extending slightly below ventral margin, with a small spine at apex. Anterodorsal margin slightly angular; posterodorsal margin weakly angular. Lateral surface coarsely punctate; primary and secondary reticulation developed in posterior one third. Internal features as for genus.
Dimensions. USNM 603677 (ODP982082) (Holotype), L = 0.514, H = 0.306; USNM 603678 (ODP982083) (Paratype), L = 0.545, H = 0.338.
Remarks.Cytheropteron colesopunctatum sp. nov. is similar to C. punctatumBrady, 1868 in certain aspects, such as punctate carapace and general outline, but is distinguished by having smoothly curved and horizontally longer alae reaching to anterior margin and well-developed primary and secondary reticulation in posterior one-third. C. punctatum has sinuous and horizontally shorter alae and no or only poorly developed reticulation, according to the sketches and SEM images shown in Brady (1868), Sars (1928) and Whatley & Masson (1979). C. colesopunctatum sp. nov. is similar to C. paracarolinaeZhao et al., 2000 (see Zhao et al., 2000; Hou & Gou, 2007), but the latter is larger, lacks punctation in anterior one-third, and has more slender outline and stronger caudal process.
1996 Cytheropteron inornatum Brady & Robertson; Coles et al.: 135, pl. 2, fig. 15.
2000Cytheropteron hanaii Ishizaki; Zhao et al.: 262, pl. 3, figs 8–9.
2007 Cytheropteron hanaii Ishizaki; Hou & Gou: 294, pl. 119, figs 14–15; pl. 122, figs 11–12.
2009 Cytheropteron sp. g Yasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin: 908, pl. 6, fig. 14.
2012Cytheropteron hanaii Ishizaki; Tanaka et al.: 10, pl. 1, fig. 13.
Remarks. Detailed comparison with similar species such as C. fraudulentumAiello, Barra & Bonaduce 1996 and C. sulcatumBonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976 is found in Aiello et al. (1996a) and Athersuch et al. (1989). In our opinion, C. hanaiiIshizaki, 1981 (see Ishizaki, 1981; Zhao et al., 2000; Hou & Gou, 2007) is a junior synonym of C. inornatumBrady & Robertson, 1872.
2009bCytheropteron massoni Whatley & Coles; Yasuhara et al.: 904, p. 6, figs 7, 10, 13.
Remarks.C. massoniWhatley & Coles, 1987 is known from both the eastern and western North Atlantic.
Cytheropteron omegaAiello, Barra & Bonaduce, 1996
(Fig. 8C–F)
1987 (part) Cytheropteron syntomoalatum Whatley & Coles: pl. 2, fig. 27 (non pl. 2, figs 25–26, 28–29).
1996 Cytheropteron omega Aiello, Barra & Bonaduce: 170, pl. 2, figs 7–9.
Remarks. Detailed comparison with similar species such as C. garganicumBonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976 can be found in Aiello et al. (1996a). Our specimens have relatively weakly developed dorsal ridges compared to the type specimens and thus the ‘upside-down omega’ structure is unclear, but otherwise identical. We consider this difference as intraspecific variation. Well-preserved specimens shown here indicate that there are two spines at the apex of alae. A paratype specimen of C. syntomoalatum of Whatley & Coles (1987, pl. 2, fig. 27) is not conspecific with C. syntomoalatumWhatley & Coles, 1987 and is considered here and by Aiello et al. (1996a) as C. omegaAiello, Barra & Bonaduce, 1996, although this specimen has only one spine at the apex of the alae and a slightly more slender outline.
Cytheropteron paramediotumidum sp. nov.
(Fig. 9A–B)
1996 (part) Cytheropteron gr. punctatum Brady; Coles et al.: 136, pl. 3, figs 5–6 (non 7–8).
Derivation of name. With reference to its similarity to Cytheropteron mediotumidum.
Diagnosis. A large, moderately calcified Cytheropteron species with finely punctate carapace and straight-sided alae.
Holotype. LV, USNM 603698 (ODP982092) (Fig. 9A).
Paratype. RV, USNM 603699 (ODP982093).
Type locality and horizon. ODP 982A, 1/2/107–109.
Description. Carapace moderately calcified, large, highest at mid-length. Outline subrhomboidal in lateral view; anterior margin rounded; caudal process moderately prominent; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin slightly curved; alae straight, thin and horizontally long, almost reaching to anterior margin, and extending slightly below ventral margin; a small subcentral depression present on alae. Anterodorsal margin slightly angular; posterodorsal margin weakly prominent. Lateral surface finely punctate in posterior two-thirds; primary and secondary reticulation weakly developed in posterior one-third. Internal features as for genus.
Dimensions. USNM 603698 (ODP982092) (Holotype), L = 0.638, H = 0.389; USNM 603699 (ODP982093) (Paratype), L = 0.671, H = 0.431.
Remarks.Cytheropteron paramediotumidum sp. nov. is very similar to C. mediotumidumZhao, Whatley & Zhou, 2000, but distinguished by having a less upturned caudal process, finer punctation, less distinct primary reticulation and straight-sided alae. C. paramediotumidum sp. nov. is also similar to C. colesopunctatum sp. nov., but the latter has more prominent caudal processes, coarser and more distinct punctation, and curved-sided alae.
Remarks. Our specimens have two spines (instead of one) at the apex of alae and slightly more ventrally-extended alae, but are otherwise identical. We consider these differences as intraspecific variation, at least for now.
Remarks.Cytheropteron pararhombiformisZhao, Whatley & Zhou, 2000 is very similar to C. zinzulusaeBonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976, but distinguished by having irregular and coarser punctation and a less upturned caudal process. This species was originally reported from the western North Pacific.
Remarks. Our specimens have weakly developed primary reticulation in the posterior one-third, but otherwise are identical to C. paucipunctatumWhatley & Coles, 1987. We consider this difference as intraspecific variation. This species is known only from the eastern North Atlantic.
Cytheropteron perlaria Hao, 1988 (in Ruan & Hao, 1988)
(Fig. 10A–B)
1988 Cytheropteron perlaria Hao (in Ruan & Hao, 1988): 280, pl. 47, figs 4–9.
1996 Cytheropteron testudo Sars; Coles et al.: 136, pl. 3, figs 10–11.
1999Cytheropteron perlaria Hao; Swanson & Ayress: 155, pl. 1, figs 7–13; pl. 2, figs 1–3.
non2004Cytheropteron perlaria Hao; Ayress et al.: 29, pl. 3, figs 7–8.
2006Cytheropteron perlaria Hao; Stepanova: S163, pl. 3, figs 8–10.
1980Cytheropteron pseudoalatum Colalongo & Pasini: 92, pl. 8, fig. 8; pl. 9, figs 1–5.
1996aCytheropteron pseudoalatum Colalongo & Pasini; Aiello et al.: 171, pl. 2, figs 1–3; pl. 3, figs 1–2.
Remarks. This species was originally reported from the Mediterranean. This is the first record from the North Atlantic.
Genus EucytheruraMüller, 1894
Type species.Cythere complexaBrady, 1867 (designated by Alexander, 1936).
Remarks. We agree with Ayress et al. (1995) and consider TyphlocythereBonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976, TyphloeucytheruraColalongo & Pasini, 1980 and ParahemingwayellaDingle, 1984 as junior synonyms of EucytheruraMüller, 1894.
Eucytherura calabra (Colalongo & Pasini, 1980)
(Fig. 10F–H)
1980Typhloeucytherura calabra Colalongo & Pasini: 122, pl. 20, figs 1–8; pl. 21, figs 1–2.
Remarks.Eucytherura calabra (Colalongo & Pasini, 1980) is similar to E. spinicoronaYasuhara, Okahashi & Cronin 2009, but the former has a curved dorsal margin and rectangular outline. E. calabra is known from the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific.
Remarks.Eucytherura tetrapteron (Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli, 1976) is very similar to E. downingae (Coles & Whatley, 1989), but the latter has more strongly developed primary and secondary reticulation and bears two spines on the anterodorsal margin (the former bears a continuous frill). Although these differences are subtle and may be a result of intraspecific variation in calcification, we consider these two as separate species at least for now. E. tetrapteron is known from the Mediterranean and the eastern North Atlantic.
Genus KangarinaCoryell & Fields, 1937
Type species.Kangarina quellitaCoryell & Fields, 1937
Kangarina abyssicola (Müller, 1894)
(Fig. 11D–E)
1894 Cytheropteron abyssicolum Müller: 302, pl. 20, figs 5, 11; pl. 21, figs 6–9.
1952Cytheropteron (Kangarina) abyssicolum Müller; Ruggieri: 77, pl. 6, fig. 9.
Remarks. We consider Kangarina coarctataRuggieri, 1953 and K. septentrionalisNeale, 1972 as junior synonyms of K. abyssicola (Müller, 1894). K. abyssicola is known from the Mediterranean and the eastern and western North Atlantic.
Genus PedicythereEagar, 1965
Type species.Pedicythere tessaeEagar, 1965
Remarks. We found four Pedicythere species in ODP 982A, all of which also occur in the western North Atlantic (Yasuhara et al., 2009b).
2009bEucythere triangula Whatley & Coles; Yasuhara et al.: 920, pl. 17, figs 2–7.
Remarks. This species is known both from the eastern and western North Atlantic.
Family Krithidae Mandelstam, 1958 (in Bubikyan, 1958)
Genus KritheBrady, Crosskey & Robertson, 1874
Type species.Ilyobates praetextaSars, 1866
Remarks.Krithe is one of the most abundant genera in this core, representing on average 20% of the total fauna. We followed the taxonomy of Coles et al. (1994). Krithe in this core is mainly composed of K. dolichodeiravan den Bold, 1946, K. ayressiColes et al., 1994 and K. minimaColes et al., 1994.
Family LeptocytheridaeHanai, 1957
Genus CluthiaNeale, 1973
Type species.Cythere cluthaeBrady, Crosskey & Robertson, 1874
1976 Loxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli: 112, pl. 59, figs 1–7, text-fig. 43.
2000 Loxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli; Aiello et al.: 97, pl. 3, fog. 10.
2004Loxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli; Aiello & Szczechura: 35, pl. 7, figs 1–3.
2006Loxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli; Bergue et al.: 206, fig. 6E.
2008Loxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli; Bergue & Coimbra: 115, pl. 1, fig. 16.
2009bLoxoconchidea minima Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli; Yasuhara et al.: 920, pl. 17, figs 8–11.
Remarks. A comprehensive synonymy list can be found in Aiello & Szczechura (2004) and Yasuhara et al. (2009b). This species is known from the Atlantic and Mediterranean regions.
Family ParadoxostomatidaeBrady & Norman, 1889
Genus ParacytheroisMüller, 1894
Type species.Paracytherois striataMüller, 1894 [designated by Howe, 1955 (he considered this species a junior synonym of Paradoxostoma flexuosumBrady (1868) (sic: correctly, Bythocythere? flexuosaBrady, (1867)); see Ellis & Messina Catalogue].
Remarks. This species was known only from the western North Atlantic, but this record confirms its presence in the eastern North Atlantic.
Family RockalliidaeWhatley, Uffenorde, Harlow, Downing & Kesler, 1982
Genus ArcacythereHornibrook, 1952
Type species.Arcacythere chapmaniHornibrook, 1952
Remarks. We agree with Ayress (1991) in considering RockalliaWhatley, Frame & Whittaker, 1978 as a junior synonym of ArcacythereHornibrook, 1952. See Yasuhara & Okahashi (in press) for detailed discussion.
2009bEchinocythereis echinata (Sars); Yasuhara et al.: 926, pl. 21, figs 6–9.
Remarks. A comprehensive synonymy and detailed discussion are found in Yasuhara et al. (2009b) and references therein. This species is known from the Atlantic and Southern Oceans.
Genus HenryhowellaPuri, 1957
Type species.Cythere evaxUlrich & Bassler, 1904
Henryhowella asperrima (Reuss, 1850)
(Fig. 16E–K)
1850 Cypridina asperrima Reuss: 74, pl. 10, fig. 5a–b.
2011Henryhowella asperrima (Reuss); Pirkenseer & Berger: 54, pl. 7, figs 6a–6c, 7a–7c; pl. 8, figs 1a–1c, 2a–2c, 3a–3c.
Remarks. To be discussed in detail elsewhere.
Discussion
ODP 982A late Quaternary ostracod assemblages show a strong affinity to the western North Atlantic and Mediterranean bathyal faunas and, to a lesser extent, to the western North Pacific bathyal fauna. There are many common or closely related species among these regions, as shown in the Systematic Palaeontology section above. The strong affinity among the western North Atlantic, the eastern North Atlantic and the Mediterranean faunas is understandable, given their proximity and bathyal-depth connections (e.g. Strait of Gibraltar and Greenland–Iceland–Faeroe Ridge). However, an affinity between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific is more difficult to explain. Two possibilities are proposed: (1) many bathyal ostracod species are cosmopolitan; or (2) they were able to migrate through the Bering Strait despite its present-day shallow depth (<50 m). We will need further modern and palaeo-biogeographical studies to evaluate these hypotheses.
We thank D. A. Hodell for kindly loaning ODP 982A samples; L. M. Y. Wong and C. Sanford for continuous support; S. Whittaker for help with SEM imaging; G. Hunt for help in depositing type and figured specimens; C. Alvarez Zarikian and an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments. Samples used for this research were provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). This work was supported by the Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research of the University of Hong Kong (project codes: 201105159002; 201210159043), Hung Hing Ying Physical Sciences Research Fund 2012–13, Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowship, and Smithsonian Marine Science Network Postdoctoral Fellowship (to M.Y.).
ReferencesAielloG.BarraD.2010. Crustacea Ostracoda. , 17: 401–419.AielloG.SzczechuraJ.2004. Middle Miocene ostracods of the Fore-Carpathian Depression (Central Paratethys, southwestern Poland). , 43: 11–70.AielloG.BarraD.BonaduceG.1996a. The genus Cytheropteron Sars, 1866 (Crustacea: ostracoda) in the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene of the Mount San Nicola Section (Gela, Sicily). , 42: 167–178.AielloG.BarraD.BonaduceG.RussoA.1996b. The genus Cytherella Jones, 1849 (Ostracoda) in the Italian Tortonian–recent. , 39: 171–190.AielloG.BarraD.BonaduceG.2000. Systematics and biostratigraphy of the Ostracoda of the Plio-Pleistocene Monte S. Nicola section (Gela, Sicily). , 39: 83–112.AlexanderC.I.1936. Ostracoda of the Genera Eucythere, Cytherura, Eucytherura and Loxoconcha from the Cretaceous of Texas. , 10: 689–694.Alvarez ZarikianC.A.2009. Data report: Late Quaternary ostracodes at IODP Site U1314 (North Atlantic Ocean). , 303/306: 1–22.AthersuchJ.HorneD.J.WhittakerJ.E.1989. Marine and Brackish Water Ostracods. . The Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Science Association, London, 343pp.AyressM.A.1991. On Arcacythere Hornibrook, 1952 (Cytheracea, Ostracoda, Crustacea), a senior synonym of Rockallia Whatley, Frame & Whittaker, 1978. , 10: 223–226.AyressM.A.WhatleyR.C.DowningS.E.MillsonK.J.1995. Cainozoic and Recent deep sea Cytherurid Ostracoda from the south western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, part I: Cytherurinae. , 47: 203–223.AyressM.A.De DeckkerP.ColesG.P.2004. A taxonomic and distributional survey of marine benthonic Ostracoda off Kerguelen and Heard Islands, South Indian Ocean. , 23: 15–38.BairdW.1850. . Ray Society, London, 364pp.BarraD.BonaduceG.2000. Some species of Echinocythereis Puri, 1954 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Torronian and to Recent. , 32: 213–224.BarraD.AielloG.BonaduceG.1996. The genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866 (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene of the M. San Nicola Section (Gela, Sicily). Proceedings of the 2nd European Ostracodologists Meeting, July 1993, Glasgow, UK, 129–134.BergueC.T.CoimbraJ.C.2008. Late Pleistocene and Holocene bathyal ostracodes from the Santos Basin, southeastern Brazil. , 285: 101–144.BergueC.T.GovindanA.2010. Eocene–Pliocene deep sea ostracodes from ODP site 744A, southern Indian Ocean. , 82: 747–760.BergueC.T.CostaK.B.DwyerG.MouraC.A.V.2006. Bathyal ostracode diversity in the Santos Basin, Brazilian southeast margin: response to Late Quaternary climate changes. , 9: 201–210.BonaduceG.CiampoG.MasoliM.1976. Distribution of Ostracoda in the Adriatic Sea. , 40: 1–154.BornemannJ.G.1855. Die Mikroskopische Fauna des Septarienthones von Hermsdorfbei Berlin. , 7: 307–371.BradyG.S.1867. Report on the Ostracoda dredged amongst the Hebrides. , 36: 208–211.BradyG.S.1868. A monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda. , 26: 353–495.BradyG.S.1870. Description of Ostracoda. InDe FolinL.PerierL. (Eds), . 1. Savy, Paris, 177–256.BradyG.S.1880. Report on the Ostracoda dredged by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. , 1: 1–184.BradyG.S.1886. Les Ostracodes nouveaux des explorations du Travailleur et du Talisman. , 4: 164–166, 194–200.BradyG.S.NormanA.M.1889. A monograph of the marine and fresh-water Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and of northwestern Europe. Section I: Podocopa. , 4: 63–270.BradyG.S.RobertsonD.1872. Contributions to the study of the Entomostraca. No. 6. On the distribution of the British Ostracoda. , Series 4, 9, 48–70.BradyG.S.CrosskeyH.W.RobertsonD.1874. A monograph of the post-Tertiary Entomostraca of Scotland including species from England and Ireland. , 28: 1–232.BremanE.1975. . PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, 165pp.BubikyanS.A.1958. Ostracoda from Paleogene deposits of the Erevan Basin. , 11: 3–16.CabralM.C.LoureiroI.M.2013. Overview of Recent and Holocene ostracods (Crustacea) from brackish and marine environments of Portugal. , 32: 135–159.CiampoG.1980. Ostracodi miocenici (Tortoniano–Messiniano) della regione di Ragusa (Sicilia). , 19: 5–20.ColalongoM.L.PasiniG.1980. La ostracofauna plio-pleistocenica della Sezione Vrica in Calabria (con considerazioni sul limite Neogene/Quaternario). , 19: 44–126.ColesG.P.WhatleyR.C.1989. New Palaeocene to Miocene genera and species of Ostracoda from DSDP sites in the North Atlantic. , 21: 81–124.ColesG.P.AyressM.A.WhatleyR.C.1990. A comparison of North Atlantic and Pacific deep-sea Ostracoda. InWhatleyR.C.MayburyC. (Eds), . Chapman & Hall, London, 287–305.ColesG.P.WhatleyR.C.MoguilevskyA.1994. The ostracod genus Krithe from the Tertiary and Quaternary of the North Atlantic. , 37: 71–120.ColesG.P.AinsworthN.R.WhatleyR.C.JonesR.W.1996. Foraminifera and Ostracoda from Quaternary carbonate mounds associated with gas see page in the Porcupine Basin, offshore western Ireland. , 28: 113–151.CoryellH.N.FieldsS.1937. A Gatun ostracode fauna from Cativa, Panama. , 956: 1–18.CoryellH.N.SampleC.H.JenningsP.H.1935. Bairdoppilata, a new genus of Ostracoda, with two new species. , 777: 1–5.CroninT.M.1983. Bathyal ostracodes from the Florida–Hatteras slope, the Straits of Florida, and the Blake Plateau. , 8: 89–119.CroninT.M.DwyerG.S.2003. Deep sea ostracodes and climatic change. , 9: 247–263.CroninT.M.RaymoM.E.1997. Orbital forcing of deep-sea benthic species diversity. , 385: 624–627.CroninT.M.DeMartinoD.M.DwyerG.S.Rodriguez-LazaroJ.1999. Deep-sea ostracode species diversity: response to late Quaternary climate change. , 37: 231–249.Dall’AntoniaB.2003. Miocene ostracods from the Tremiti Islands and Hyblean Plateau: biostratigraphy and description of new and poorly known species. , 36: 27–54.DanaJ.D.1853. Tribe III: Cyproidea = Ostracoda. Crustacea. , 13: 1277–1304.DidiéC.BauchH.A.2000. Species composition and glacial-interglacial variations in the ostracode fauna of the northeast Atlantic during the past 200,000 years. , 40: 105–129.DidiéC.BauchH.A.2001. Erratum to ‘Species composition and glacial–interglacial variations in the ostracode fauna of the northeast Atlantic during the past 200,000 years’. , 41: 103–108.DidiéC.BauchH.A.HelmkeJ.P.2002. Late Quaternary deep-sea ostracodes in the polar and subpolar North Atlantic: paleoecological and paleoenvironmental implications. , 184: 195–212.DingleR.V.1984. Mid-Cretaceous Ostracoda from Southern Africa and the Falkland Plateau. , 93: 97–211.DingleR.V.LordA.R.1990. Benthic ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean. , 80: 213–235.DingleR.V.LordA.R.BoomerI.D.1990. Deep-water Quaternary Ostracoda from the continental margin off south-western Africa (SE Atlantic Ocean). , 99: 245–366.DorukN.1973. On Paijenborchella (Eopaijenborchella) malaiensis cymbula Ruggieri. , 1: 161–164.DucasseO.PeypouquetJ.-P.1979. Cenozoic ostracodes: their importance for bathymetry, hydrology, and biogeography. , 48: 343–363.EagarS.H.1965. Ostracoda of the London Clay (Ypresian) in the London Basin, 1. Reading District. , 8: 15–32.Expedition 339 Scientists, 2013. Site U1387. InStowD.A.V.Hernández-MolinaF.J.Alvarez ZarikianC.A. & the Expedition 339 Scientists, , 339. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo.FarandaC.CipollariP.CosentinoD.GliozziE.PipponziG.2008. Late Miocene ostracod assemblages from eastern Mediterranean coral reef complexes (central Crete, Greece). , 51: 287–308.FreiwaldA.MostafawiN.1998. Ostracods in a cold-temperate coastal environment, western Troms, northern Norway: sedimentary aspects and assemblages. , 38: 255–274.GründelJ.1967. Zur Grossgliederung der Ordnung Podocopida G.W. Müller, 1894 (Ostracoda). , 6: 321–332.GuernetC.2005. Ostracodes et stratigraphie du néogène et du quaternaire méditerranéens. , 48: 83–121.GuernetC.BellierJ.-P.2000. Ostracodes Paléocènes et Éocènes du Blake Nose (Leg ODP 171B) et évolution des environnements bathyaux au large de la Floride. , 43: 249–279.GuernetC.FourcadeE.1988. Cenozoic ostracodes from Hole 628A, ODP Leg 101, Bahamas. , 101: 139–151.HanaiT.1957a. Study on the Ostracoda from Japan, 1. Subfamily Leptocytherinae, n. subfam. , Section 2, 10: 431–468.HanaiT.1957b. Study on the Ostracoda from Japan, 3. Subfamily Cytherurinae G.W. Müller (emend. G.O. Sars 1925) and Cytheropterinae n. subfam. , Section 2, 11: 11–36.HazelJ.E.1967. Classification and distribution of the recent Hemicytheridae and Trachyleberididae (Ostracoda) off northeastern North America. , 564: 1–49.HorneD.J.WhittakerJ.E.1985. On Eucythere declivis (Norman). , 12: 1–6.HorneD.J.WhittakerJ.E.1988. On Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). , 15: 127–132.HornibrookN.B.1952. Tertiary and Recent marine Ostracoda of New Zealand – their origin, affinities and distribution. , 18: 5–82.HouY.GouY.2007. . Science Publishing House, Beijing, 798pp.HoweH.V.1955. Handbook of Ostracod Taxonomy. , 1: 1–386.HoweH.V. & graduate students, 1935. Ostracoda of the Arca zone of the Choctawhatchee Miocene of Florida. , 13: 1–47.IkeyaN.SuzukiC.1992. Distributional patterns of modern ostracodes off Shimane Peninsula, southwestern Japan Sea. , 26: 91–137.IshizakiK.1981. Ostracoda from the East China Sea. , 51: 37–65.IshizakiK.GuntherF.1974. Ostracoda of the family Cytheruridae from the Gulf of Panama. , 45: 1–50.JonesT.R.1849. A monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous formation of England. , 3: 1–40.JonesT.R.1901. On some Carboniferous shale from Siberia. (Decade 4), 8: 433–436.JoyJ.A.ClarkD.L.1977. The distribution, ecology and systematics of the benthic Ostracoda of the central Arctic Ocean. , 23: 129–154.KaranovicI.BrandãoS.N.2012. Review and phylogeny of the Recent Polycopidae (Ostracoda, Cladocopina), with descriptions of nine new species, one new genus, and one new subgenus from the deep South Atlantic. , 42: 329–393.KingmaJ.T.1948. . University of Utrecht, 119pp.LatreilleP.A.1802. . Amand Koenig, Paris, 303pp.MaddocksR.F.1969. Revision of recent Bairdiidae (Ostracoda). , 295: 1–126.MaddocksR.F.1990. Living and fossil Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda). , 2: 1–404.MalzH.1990. Tiefseearten leben länger. , 120: 139–152.MalzH.JellinekT.1994. Podocopide Tiefsee-Ostracoden aus Kastengreifer-Proben im östlichen Mittelmeer (‘Meteor’-Fahrt 25/leg 1: ionisches bis Levantinisches Becken). , 74: 9–32.MazziniI.2005. Taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Quaternary benthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) from circumpolar deep water of the Emerald Basin (Southern Ocean) and the S Tasman Rise (Tasman Sea). , 35: 1–119.Moncharmont-ZeiM.RussoB.SgarrellaF.BonaduceG.MascellaroP.1985. Paleoclimatic record from 4 cores (Gulf of Taranto, Ionian Sea). Evidence from Foraminifera and Ostracoda. , 23: 21–51.MüllerG.W.1894. Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. , 21: 1–404.MüllerG.W.1912. Ostracoda. , 31: 1–434.NealeJ.W.1972. Kangarina septentrionalis and Paracytheridea norvegica n. spp. (Ostracoda, Cytheruridae) from offshore North Norway. , 5: 33–37.NealeJ.W.1973. Cluthia (Crustacea, Ostracoda), a new Pleistocene and recent Leptocytherid genus. , 47: 683–688.NormanA.M.1865. Report on the Crustacea of the deep-sea dredging off the coast of Northumberland and Durham. , 1: 12–29.NormanA.M.1867. Report on the Crustacea. InBradyG.S. (Ed.), Reports of deep-sea dredging on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham, 1862–4. , 1: 12–29.PasslowV.AyressM.A.1994. On Cytheropteron abyssorum Brady. , 21: 63–70.PenneyD.N.1993. Northern North Sea benthic Ostracoda: modern distribution and palaeoenvironmental significance. , 3: 241–254.PirkenseerC.BergerJ.P.2011. Paleogene Ostracoda from the southern Upper Rhine Graben: Taxonomy, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography. , 295: 1–152.PuriH.S.1954. Contribution to the study of the Miocene of the Florida Panhandle: Part 3 Ostracoda. , 36: 215–345.PuriH.S.1957. Henryhowella, new name for Howella Puri, 1956. , 31: 982.PuriH.S.HulingsN.C.1976. Designation of lectotypes of some ostracods from the Challenger Expedition. , 29: 251–315.ReussA.E.1850. Die fossilen Entomostraceen des österreichischen Tertiärbeckens. , 3: 41–92.RoemerF.A.1841. . Hahn’schen Hofbuchhandlung, Hannover, 145pp.RuanP.HaoY.1988. . Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 227–395.RuggieriG.1950. Una nuova Paijenborchella del Pliocene della Calabria. , 21: 59–63.RuggieriG.1952. Gli Ostracodi delle sabbie grigie quaternarie (Milazziano) di Imola. , 22: 59–115.RuggieriG.1953. Iconografia degli Ostracodi marini del Pliocene e del Pleistocene italiani. , 92: 40–56.RuggieriG.1962. Gli Ostracodi marini del Tortoniano (Miocene medio superiore) di Enna, nella Sicilia centrale. , 56: 1–68.SarsG.O.1866. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder. , 7: 1–130 [Preprint, 1865].SarsG.O.1926. Ostracoda. , 9, 13 and 14. Bergen Museum, 209–240.SarsG.O.1928. Ostracoda. , 9, 15 and 16. Bergen Museum, 241–277.SciutoF.2003. Dati Preliminari sulla ostracofauna pliocenica di Capo Milazzo (Sicilia N E). , 42: 179–184.SissinghW.1972. Late Cenozoic Ostracoda of the South Agean Island Arc. , 7: 1–187.StepanovaA.Y.2006. Late Pleistocene–Holocene and Recent Ostracoda of the Laptev Sea and their importance for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. , 40: S91–S204.SwansonK.M.AyressM.A.1999. and related species from the SW Pacific - with analyses of their soft anatomies, relationships and distribution. , 79: 151–193.Sylvester-BradleyP.C.1947. Some ostracod genotypes. , Series 11, 13: 192–199.Sylvester-BradleyP.C.1948. The ostracode genus Cythereis. , 22: 792–797.TanakaG.ZhouB.IkeyaN.HasegawaY.2012. Recent ostracod assemblages from Suruga Bay, Central Japan. , 16: 1–30.TerquemO.1878. Les foraminifères et les entomostracès-ostracodes du Pliocène supérieur de l’Ile de Rhodes. , Series 3, 1: 1–135.TriebelE.1960. Die taxonomische Stellung und die Gattungen der Unterfamilie Macrocypridinae (Ostracoda). , 41: 109–124.van den BoldW.A.1946. [Proefschrift, Rijks-Universiteit te Utrecht]. J. H. De Bussy, Amsterdam, 167 pp [reprinted in 1970 by Antiquriaat Junk, Lochem].UlrichE.O.1894. The Lower Silurian Ostracoda of Minnesota. (Volume 3, Part 2), 7: 629–693. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota.UlrichE.O.BasslerR.S.1904. . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 98–130.VenzK.A.HodellD.A.StantonC.S.WarnkeD.A.1999. A 1.0 Myr record of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water variability from ODP site 982 in the northeast Atlantic. , 14: 42–52.WangP.ZhangJ.ZhaoQ.. 1988. . Ocean Press, Beijing, 438pp.WhatleyR.C.AyressM.A.1988. Pandemic and endemic distribution patterns in Quaternary deep-sea Ostracoda. InHanaiT.IkeyaN.IshizakiK. (Eds), . Kodansha, Tokyo, 739–755.WhatleyR.C.ColesG.P.1987. The late Miocene to Quaternary Ostracoda of Leg 94, Deep Sea Drilling Project. , 19: 33–97.WhatleyR.C.MassonD.G.1979. The ostracod genus Cytheropteron from the Quaternary and Recent of Great Britain. , 11: 223–277.WhatleyR.C.FrameP.WhittakerJ.E.1978. On Rockallia enigmatica gen. et sp. nov. , 5: 137–144.WhatleyR.C.UffenordeH.HarlowC.J.DowningS.KeslerK.1982. The Rockalliidae, a new family of Cainozoic Cytheracean Ostracoda. , 1: 1–11.WhatleyR.C.AyressM.DowningS.1986. Two unusual new species of the ostracod genus Cytheropteron from the late Cainozoic of the deep sea. , 5: 31–36.WhatleyR.C.EynonM.MoguilevskyA.1996. Recent Ostracoda of the Scoresby Sund fjord system, East Greenland. , 28: 5–23.WhatleyR.C.EynonM.MoguilevskyA.1998. The depth distribution of Ostracoda from the Greenland Sea. , 17: 15–32.WitteL.1993. Taxonomy and biogeography of West African beach ostracods. , Eerste Reeks, 39: I–X, 1–84.YamaguchiT.NorrisR.D.2012. Deep-sea ostracode turnovers through the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in DSDP Site 401, Bay of Biscay, North Atlantic. , 86–87: 32–44.YasuharaM.CroninT.M.2008. Climatic influences on deep-sea ostracode (Crustacea) diversity for the last three million years. , 89: S52–S65.YasuharaM.OkahashiH.in press. Quaternary deep-sea ostracode taxonomy of Ocean Drilling Program Site 980, eastern North Atlantic Ocean. .YasuharaM.CroninT.M.deMenocalP.B.OkahashiH.LinsleyB.K.2008. Abrupt climate change and collapse of deep-sea ecosystems. , 105: 1556–1560.YasuharaM.HuntG.CroninT.M.OkahashiH.2009a. Temporal latitudinal-gradient dynamics and tropical instability of deep-sea species diversity. , 106: 21717–21720.YasuharaM.OkahashiH.CroninT.M.2009b. Taxonomy of Quaternary deep-sea ostracods from the western North Atlantic Ocean. , 52: 879–931.YasuharaM.HuntG.van DijkenG.ArrigoK.R.CroninT.M.WollenburgJ.E.2012. Patterns and controlling factors of species diversity in the Arctic Ocean. , 39: 2081–2088.YasuharaM.GrimmM.BrandãoS.N.. in pressa. Deep sea benthic ostracodes from multiple core and epibenthic sledge samples in Icelandic waters. .YasuharaM.StepanovaA.OkahashiH.CroninT.M.BrouwersE.M.in pressb. Taxonomic revision of deep-sea Ostracoda from the Arctic Ocean. .ZhaoQ.H.2005. Late Cainozoic Ostracod faunas and paleoenvironmental changes at ODP Site 1148 South China Sea. , 54: 27–47.ZhaoQ.ZhengL.1996. Distribution of deep-sea Ostracoda in bottom sediments of the South China Sea. , 18: 61–72, 143–146.ZhaoQ.WhatleyR.ZhouB.2000. The taxonomy and distribution of recent species of the ostracod genus Cytheropteron in the South China Sea. , 32: 259–281.ZhaoQ.WuY.ShiX.2011. Deep-sea Ostracoda from surface sediments of the northern Philippine Sea, northwestern Pacific. , 28: 22–34.