Revised stratigraphy of the lower Cenozoic succession of the Greater Indus Basin in Pakistan

Afzal, Jawad; Williams, Mark; Aldridge, Richard J.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.28.1.7

Articles | Volume 28, issue 1

Article
Metrics
Related articles

Articles | Volume 28, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.28.1.7

Articles | Volume 28, issue 1

Article
Metrics
Related articles

01 May 2009

| 01 May 2009

Revised stratigraphy of the lower Cenozoic succession of the Greater Indus Basin in Pakistan

Jawad Afzal, Mark Williams, and Richard J. Aldridge

Jawad Afzal

Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan

Mark Williams

Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

Richard J. Aldridge

Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

Cited articles

J., Afzal: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Rakhi Nala area, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research, 8, 1-24, 1996.

J., Afzal and A. A., Butt: Lower Tertiary planktonic biostratigraphy of the Salt Range, Northern Pakistan, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2000, 721-747, 2000.

J., Afzal and C. H. V., Daniels: Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Paleocene to Eocene Patala and Nammal Formations from Khairabad-East, Western Salt Range, Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research, 3, 61-79, 1991.

J., Afzal, F. R., Khan, S. N., Khan, S., Alam and M., Jalal: Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Paleocene Lockhart Limestone from Kotal Pass, Kohat, Northern Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research, 15, 9-24, 2005.

M., Akhtar and A. A., Butt: Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy of the Kala Chitta Range, northern Pakistan, Revue de Paléobiologie, Genéve, 18, 123-146, 1999.

M., Akhtar and A. A., Butt: Significance of Miscellanea miscella (D’Archiac & Haime) in the Early Paleogene stratigraphy of Pakistan, Revue de Paléobiologie, Genéve, 19, 123-135, 2000.

M., Akhtar and A. A., Butt: The Paleogene of the Kala Chitta Range, northern Pakistan, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1, 43-55, 2001.

V. E. J. A. D., D’Archiac and J., Haime: Description des Animaux fossiles du Groupe nummulitique de l’Inde, Précédé d’un résumé géologique et d’une monographie des Nummulites, Paris, 2, 1-373, 1853.

I., Arenillas, E., Molina, S., Ortiz and B., Schmitz: Foraminiferal and δ13C isotopic event-stratigraphy across the Danian–Selandian transition at Zumaya (northern Spain): chronostratigraphic implications, Terra Nova, 20, 38-44, 2008.

D., Bannert: The structural development of the western fold belt, Geologisches Jahrbuch, B80, 3-60, 1992.

R. A., Beck, D. W., Burbank and W. J., Sercombe: Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia, Nature, 373, 55-58, 1995.

W. A., Berggren, D. V., Kent, C. C., Swisher and M. P., Aubry: A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphyIn: (Eds), Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlations: A Unified Temporal Framework for an Historical GeologySociety of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Volume, 54: 129–212., 1995.

W. T., Blanford: The geology of western Sind, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 17, 1-197, 1879.

R., Butler: When did India hit Asia?, Nature, 373, 20-21, 1995.

A. A., Butt: Ranikothalia sindensis Zone in Late Paleocene biostratigraphy, Micropaleontology, 37, 77-85, 1991.

M. R., Cheema, S. M., Raza and H., Ahmad: Cainozoic, Stratigraphy of Pakistan, 12, 1-138, 1977.

W. C., Clyde, I. H., Khan and P. D., Gingerich: Stratigraphic response and mammalian dispersal during initial India–Asia collision: Evidence from the Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 31, 1097-1100, 2003.

G. De P., Cotter: The geology of the part of the Attock district, west of longitude 72° 45E, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 55, 63-161, 1933.

W., Danilchik and S. M. I., Shah: Stratigraphy and coal resources of the Makarwal area, Trans-Indus Mountains, Mianwali District, Pakistan, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1341, 1-38, 1987.

L. M., Davies: The Ranikot beds at Thal (North-West Frontier Ranges of India), Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 83, 260-290, 1927.

L. M., Davies: The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and some neighbouring areas, the Paleocene foraminifera, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Paleontologia Indica, 15, 67-79, 1930.

L. M., Davies and E. S., Pinfold: The Eocene beds of the Punjab Salt Range, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 24, 1-79, 1937.

J. F., Dewey, S., Cande and W. C., Pitman: Tectonic evolution of the India/Eurasia collision zone, Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 717-734, 1989.

F. E., Eames: A contribution to the study of the Eocene in western Pakistan and western India; Part A. The geology of standard sections in the western Punjab and in the Kohat District, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 107, 159-171, 1952.

A. N., Fatmi: Lithostratigraphic units of the Kohat-Potwar Range, Indus Basin, Pakistan, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, 10, 1-80, 1974.

L. L., Fermor: General report of the Geological Survey of India for the year 1934, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 69, 1-108, 1935.

C., Ferrandez-Canadell: New Paleocene orbitoidiform foraminifera from the Punjab Salt Range, Pakistan, Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 32, 1-21, 2002.

E. R., Gee: The Saline Series of north-western India, Current Science, 2, 460-463, 1934.

E. R., Gee: The age of the Saline Series of the Punjab and of Kohat, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science India, 14, 269-310, 1945.

T. G., Gibson: Upper Paleocene foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan, United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 2078, 1-13, 1990.

P. D., Gingerich: Stratigraphic and micropaleontologic constraints on the middle Eocene age of the mammal-bearing Kuldana Formation of Pakistan, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 643-651, 2003.

B. U., Haq, J., Hardenbol and P. R., Vail: Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic (250 million years ago to present), Science, 235, 1156-1167, 1987.

A. F. M. M., Haque: The Foraminifera of the Ranikot and the Laki of the Nammal Gorge, Salt Range, Pakistan Geological Survey, Paleontologia Pakistanica, 1, 1-300, 1956.

W. R., Hemphill and A. H., Kidwai: Stratigraphy of the Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan areas, Pakistan, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 716-B:, 1-36, 1973.

K. V., Hodges: Tectonics of the Himalayan and southern Tibet from two perspectives, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 324-350, 2000.

L., Hottinger: Shallow benthonic foraminiferal assemblages as signals for depth of their deposition and their limitations, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 168, 491-505, 1997.

E. A., Johnson, P. D., Warwick, S. B., Roberts and I. H., Khan: Lithofacies, Depositional Environments, and Regional Stratigraphy of the Lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan, US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1599, 1-76, 1999.

R. W., Jones: Aspects of the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Northern Sulaiman Ranges, Pakistan, Journal of Micropalaeontology, 16, 51-58, 1997.

A. H., Kazmi: Sedimentary sequenceIn: (Eds), Geology of PakistanGebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart, 162–181., 1995.

D. C., Kelly, T. J., Bralower, J. C., Zachos, I., Premoli-Silva and E., Thomas: Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the Late Paleocene thermal maximum, Geology, 24, 423-426, 1996.

A., Kemal, H. R., Balkwill and F. A., Stoakes: Indus basin hydrocarbon playsIn: (Eds), New Directions and strategies for accelerating petroleum exploration and production in PakistanOil and Gas Development Corporation, Islamabad, 78–105., 1992.

A. M., Khan and S. K., Srivastava: The paleogeographic significance of Aquilapollenites occurrences in Pakistan, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 28, 251-258, 2006.

S. N., Khan and W., Ahmad: Geology of Langrial iron ore, Hazara District, Memoirs Geological Survey of Pakistan, 25, 1-15, 1966.

C. T., Klootwijk, J. S., Gee, J. W., Peirce and G. M., Smith: Constraints on the India–Asia convergence: Paleomagnetic results from Ninetyeast Ridge, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 121, 777-881, 1991.

A., Köthe, A. A., Khan and M., Ashraf: Biostratigraphy of the Surghar Range, Salt Range, Sulaiman Range and the Kohat area, Pakistan, according to Jurassic through Paleogene calcareous nannofossils and Paleogene dinoflagellatesGeologisches Jahrbuch, B71: 1–87., 1988.

J. B., Lamarck: Suit des mémoires sur les fossiles environs de Paris, Annales Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, 179-188, 1804.

M. A., Latif: Variations in abundance and morphology of pelagic Foraminifera in the Paleocene-Eocene of the Rakhi Nala, West Pakistan, Geological Bulletin of Punjab University, 4, 29-100, 1964.

M. A., Latif: Explanatory notes on the geology of southeastern Hazara to accompany the revised geological map, Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Sonderband, 15, 5-20, 1970.

M. A., Latif: Stratigraphy and micropaleontology of the Galis Group of Hazara, Pakistan, Geological Bulletin of Punjab University, 13, 1-64, 1976.

P., Le Fort: Evolution of the HimalayaIn: (Eds), The Tectonic Evolution of AsiaCambridge University Press, Cambridge, 95–109., 1996.

X., Le Pichon, M., Fournier and J., Jolivet: Kinematics, topography, shortening and extrusion in the India–Asia collision, Tectonics, 11, 1085-1098, 1992.

H. P., Luterbacher, J. R., Ali and H., Brinkhuis: The Paleogene PeriodIn: (Eds), A Geological Timescale 2004Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 384–408., 2004.

E., Martini: Standard Cenozoic and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils Rome, 2, 739-777, 1971.

C. R., Meissner, J. M., Master, M. A., Rashid and M., Hussain: Stratigraphy of the Kohat quadrangleUnited States Geological Survey, Project Report, PK-20: 1–86., 1968.

C. R., Meissner, J. M., Master, M. A., Rashid and M., Hussain: Stratigraphy of the Kohat quadrangle, West PakistanUnited States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 716-D: 1–75., 1974.

C. S., Middlemiss: The geology of Hazara and Black Mountain, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 26, 1-302, 1896.

Y., Nagappa: Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous–Eocene succession in the India–Pakistan, Burma region, Micropaleontology, 5, 145-192, 1959.

W. L. F., Nuttall: The stratigraphy of the Laki Series (Lower Eocene) of parts of Sind and Baluchistan (India); with a description of the larger foraminifera contained in those beds, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 81, 337-373, 1925.

W. L. F., Nuttall: The larger foraminifera of the Upper Ranikot Series (Lower Eocene) of Sind, India, Geological Magazine, 63, 112-121, 1926.

R. D., Oldham: Report on the geology and economic resources of the country adjoining the Sind-Pishin railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of the country between it and Khattan, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 23, 93-109, 1890.

E. H., Pascoe: Petroleum in the Punjab and North West Frontier Range, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 40, 341-493, 1920.

E. H., Pascoe: A manual of the geology of India and BurmaGovernment of India Press, Calcutta 3: 2073–2079., 1963.

E. S., Pinfold: Notes on structure and stratigraphy in NW Punjab, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 49, 138-161, 1918.

M., Qayyum, A. R., Niem and R. D., Lawrence: Detrital modes and provenance of the Paleogene Khojak Formation in Pakistan: implications for early Himalayan orogeny and unroofing, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 133, 320-332, 2001.

S. M., Raza: The Eocene red beds of the Kala Chitta Range (Northern Pakistan) and its stratigraphic implications on the Himalayan Foredeep Basin, Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, 34, 83-104, 2001a.

S. M., Raza: Stratigraphic chart of PakistanGeological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, 1 sheet., 2001b.

D. B., Rowley: Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia; a review of stratigraphic data, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 145, 1-13, 1996.

A., Sahni and A., Jolly: Eocene mammals from Kalakot, Kashmir Himalaya: community structure, taphonomy and palaeobiogeographical implications, Kaupia, Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte, 3, 209-222, 1993.

B. K., Samantha: Planktonic foraminifera from the Paleocene–Eocene succession in the Rakhi Nala, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 22, 421-482, 1973.

S. J., Sameeni and A. A., Butt: Alveolinid biostratigraphy of the Salt Range succession, Northern Pakistan, Revue de Paléobiologie, Genéve, 23, 505-527, 2004.

C., Scheibner, R. P., Speijer and A. M., Marzouk: Larger foraminiferal turnover during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum and paleoclimatic control on the evolution of platform ecosystems, Geology, 33, 493-496, 2005.

M. P., Searle, B. F., Windley and M. P., Coward: The closing of Tethys and tectonics of the Himalayas, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 98, 678-701, 1987.

J., Serra-Kiel, L., Hottinger and E., Caus: Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 169, 281-299, 1998.

S. M. I., Shah: Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, 12, 1-137, 1977.

S. M. I., Shah: Coal resources of BaluchistanIn: (Eds), Significance of the coal resources of PakistanGeological Survey of Pakistan/United States Geological Survey, Quetta/Reston, 63–93., 1990.

Q. A., Siddiqui: The ostracod genus Paijenborchella and some of its species in the Early Tertiary of Pakistan, Journal of Micropalaeontology, 25, 165-172, 2006.

J., de Sigoyer, V., Chavagnac and J., Blichert-Toft: Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the northwest Himalaya, multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites, Geology, 28, 487-490, 2000.

A. H., Smout: Lower Tertiary foraminifera of the Qatar Peninsula, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 9, 1-80, 1954.

E. W., Vredenburg: Nummulites douvillei, an undescribed species from Kachh with remarks on the zonal distribution of Indian Nummulites, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 34, 79-95, 1906.

W., Waagen and A. B., Wynne: The geology of Mount Sirban in the upper Punjab, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 9, 331-350, 1872.

M. I., Wakefield and E., Monteil: Biosequence stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental findings from the Cretaceous through Cenozoic succession, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan, Journal of Micropalaeontology, 21, 115-130, 2002.

C. J., Wandrey, B. E., Law and H. A., Shah: Sembar Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System, Indus and Sulaiman-Kirthar Geologic Ranges, Pakistan and India, United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 1, 1-20, 2004.

M. Y., Warraich and H., Nishi: Eocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Sulaiman Range, Indus Basin, Pakistan, Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 33, 219-236, 2003.

M. Y., Warraich, K., Ogasawara and H., Nishi: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Dungan Formation, Sulaiman Range, Central Pakistan, Paleontological Research, 4, 275-301, 2000.

P. D., Warwick, S., Javed, S. T. A., Mashhadi, T., Shakoor, A. M., Khan and A. L., Khan: Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene Rocks, Surghar and Salt Range Coal Fields, Northern Pakistan, United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 2096, 1-33, 1993.

W., Weiss: Age assignments of larger foraminiferal assemblages of Maastrichtian to Eocene age in northern Pakistan, Zitteliana, 20, 223-252, 1993.

M. D., Williams: Stratigraphy of the Lower Indus Basin, West PakistanIn: Proceedings of the 5th World Petroleum Congress, New York, Section 1, Paper 19: 377–394., 1959.

A. B., Wynne: Memoir on the geology of Kutch, Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 9, 1-294, 1873.

A. B., Wynne: Observations on some features in the physical geology of the Outer Himalayan Region of the Upper Punjâb, India, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 30, 61-80, 1874.

J. C., Zachos, M., Pagani, L., Sloan, E., Thomas and K., Billups: Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686-693, 2001.