Articles | Volume 32, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2011-007
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2011-007
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Spatial distribution of living coccolithophores in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico
Karl-Heinz Baumann
Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
Babette Boeckel
Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
Present address: RWE Dea AG, Wietze Laboratory, Geosciences, Industriestr. 2, 29323 Wietze, Germany
Related authors
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nuria Bachiller-Jareno, Harold Lovell, Nele Manon Vollmar, and Elisa Malinverno
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2801, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript we combine micropalaeontology and remote-sensing. We compare the calcium carbonate produced by tiny marine algae called coccolithophores to satellite-derived particulate organic carbon in the Southern Ocean. They show good agreement north of the polar front, but hugely differ south of it. We argue that those highly reflective values could be due to small opal particles and we highlight the need to improve satellite algorithms in this unexplored part of the ocean.
Pauline Cornuault, Thomas Westerhold, Heiko Pälike, Torsten Bickert, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 20, 597–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We generated high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate from the Miocene to the Quaternary in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to characterize the variability in pelagic carbonate production during warm climates. It follows orbital cycles, responding to local changes in tropical conditions, as well as to long-term shifts in climate and ocean chemistry. These changes were sufficiently large to play a role in the carbon cycle and global climate evolution.
Nele Manon Vollmar, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 19, 585–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied recent (sub-)fossil remains of a type of algae (coccolithophores) off southernmost Chile and across the Drake Passage, adding to the scarce knowledge that exists in the Southern Ocean, a rapidly changing environment. We found that those can be used to reconstruct the surface ocean conditions in the north but not in the south. We also found variations in shape in the dominant species Emiliania huxleyi depending on the location, indicating subtle adaptations to environmental conditions.
Gerhard Fischer, Oscar E. Romero, Johannes Karstensen, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nasrollah Moradi, Morten Iversen, Götz Ruhland, Marco Klann, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 6479–6500, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Low-oxygen eddies in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic can form an oasis for phytoplankton growth. Here we report on particle flux dynamics at the oligotrophic Cape Verde Ocean Observatory. We observed consistent flux patterns during the passages of low-oxygen eddies. We found distinct flux peaks in late winter, clearly exceeding background fluxes. Our findings suggest that the low-oxygen eddies sequester higher organic carbon than expected for oligotrophic settings.
Catarina Cavaleiro, Antje H. L. Voelker, Heather Stoll, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Clim. Past, 16, 2017–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, 2020
Oscar E. Romero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Karin A. F. Zonneveld, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Bambaye Hamady, Vera Pospelova, and Gerhard Fischer
Biogeosciences, 17, 187–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of the multiannual evolution of populations representing different trophic levels allows for obtaining insights into the impact of climate variability in marine coastal upwelling ecosystems. By using a multiyear, continuous (1,900 d) sediment trap record, we assess the dynamics and fluxes of calcareous, organic and siliceous microorganisms off Mauritania (NW Africa). The experiment allowed for the recognition of a general sequence of seasonal variations of the main populations.
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, Hartmut Schulz, Yann Marcon, Nele Manon Vollmar, José-Abel Flores, and Frank Lamy
Biogeosciences, 16, 3679–3702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Open ocean phytoplankton include coccolithophore algae, a key element in carbon cycle regulation with important feedbacks to the climate system. We document latitudinal variability in both coccolithophore assemblage and the mass variation in one particular species, Emiliania huxleyi, for a transect across the Drake Passage (in the Southern Ocean). Coccolithophore abundance, diversity and maximum depth habitat decrease southwards, coinciding with changes in the predominant E. huxleyi morphotypes.
Catarina V. Guerreiro, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Geert-Jan A. Brummer, Gerhard Fischer, Laura F. Korte, Ute Merkel, Carolina Sá, Henko de Stigter, and Jan-Berend W. Stuut
Biogeosciences, 14, 4577–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4577-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4577-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our study provides insights into the factors governing the spatio-temporal variability of coccolithophores in the equatorial North Atlantic and illustrates how this supposedly oligotrophic and stable open-ocean region actually reveals significant ecological variability. We provide evidence for Saharan dust and the Amazon River acting as fertilizers for phytoplankton and highlight the the importance of the thermocline depth for coccolithophore productivity in the lower photic zone.
Gerhard Fischer, Johannes Karstensen, Oscar Romero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Morten Iversen, Björn Fiedler, Ivanice Monteiro, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 13, 3203–3223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3203-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3203-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Particle fluxes at the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory in the eastern tropical North Atlantic for the period December 2009 until May 2011 are discussed based on deep sediment trap time-series data collected at 1290 and 3439 m water depths. The typically open-ocean flux pattern with weak seasonality is modified by the appearance of a highly productive and low oxygen eddy in winter 2010. The eddy passage was accompanied by high biogenic and lithogenic fluxes, lasting from December 2009 to May 2010.
M. T. Horigome, P. Ziveri, M. Grelaud, K.-H. Baumann, G. Marino, and P. G. Mortyn
Biogeosciences, 11, 2295–2308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2295-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2295-2014, 2014
C. Berger, K. J. S. Meier, H. Kinkel, and K.-H. Baumann
Biogeosciences, 11, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, 2014
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nuria Bachiller-Jareno, Harold Lovell, Nele Manon Vollmar, and Elisa Malinverno
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2801, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript we combine micropalaeontology and remote-sensing. We compare the calcium carbonate produced by tiny marine algae called coccolithophores to satellite-derived particulate organic carbon in the Southern Ocean. They show good agreement north of the polar front, but hugely differ south of it. We argue that those highly reflective values could be due to small opal particles and we highlight the need to improve satellite algorithms in this unexplored part of the ocean.
Pauline Cornuault, Thomas Westerhold, Heiko Pälike, Torsten Bickert, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 20, 597–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We generated high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate from the Miocene to the Quaternary in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to characterize the variability in pelagic carbonate production during warm climates. It follows orbital cycles, responding to local changes in tropical conditions, as well as to long-term shifts in climate and ocean chemistry. These changes were sufficiently large to play a role in the carbon cycle and global climate evolution.
Nele Manon Vollmar, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 19, 585–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied recent (sub-)fossil remains of a type of algae (coccolithophores) off southernmost Chile and across the Drake Passage, adding to the scarce knowledge that exists in the Southern Ocean, a rapidly changing environment. We found that those can be used to reconstruct the surface ocean conditions in the north but not in the south. We also found variations in shape in the dominant species Emiliania huxleyi depending on the location, indicating subtle adaptations to environmental conditions.
Gerhard Fischer, Oscar E. Romero, Johannes Karstensen, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nasrollah Moradi, Morten Iversen, Götz Ruhland, Marco Klann, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 6479–6500, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Low-oxygen eddies in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic can form an oasis for phytoplankton growth. Here we report on particle flux dynamics at the oligotrophic Cape Verde Ocean Observatory. We observed consistent flux patterns during the passages of low-oxygen eddies. We found distinct flux peaks in late winter, clearly exceeding background fluxes. Our findings suggest that the low-oxygen eddies sequester higher organic carbon than expected for oligotrophic settings.
Catarina Cavaleiro, Antje H. L. Voelker, Heather Stoll, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Clim. Past, 16, 2017–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, 2020
Oscar E. Romero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Karin A. F. Zonneveld, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Bambaye Hamady, Vera Pospelova, and Gerhard Fischer
Biogeosciences, 17, 187–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of the multiannual evolution of populations representing different trophic levels allows for obtaining insights into the impact of climate variability in marine coastal upwelling ecosystems. By using a multiyear, continuous (1,900 d) sediment trap record, we assess the dynamics and fluxes of calcareous, organic and siliceous microorganisms off Mauritania (NW Africa). The experiment allowed for the recognition of a general sequence of seasonal variations of the main populations.
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, Hartmut Schulz, Yann Marcon, Nele Manon Vollmar, José-Abel Flores, and Frank Lamy
Biogeosciences, 16, 3679–3702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Open ocean phytoplankton include coccolithophore algae, a key element in carbon cycle regulation with important feedbacks to the climate system. We document latitudinal variability in both coccolithophore assemblage and the mass variation in one particular species, Emiliania huxleyi, for a transect across the Drake Passage (in the Southern Ocean). Coccolithophore abundance, diversity and maximum depth habitat decrease southwards, coinciding with changes in the predominant E. huxleyi morphotypes.
Catarina V. Guerreiro, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Geert-Jan A. Brummer, Gerhard Fischer, Laura F. Korte, Ute Merkel, Carolina Sá, Henko de Stigter, and Jan-Berend W. Stuut
Biogeosciences, 14, 4577–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4577-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4577-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our study provides insights into the factors governing the spatio-temporal variability of coccolithophores in the equatorial North Atlantic and illustrates how this supposedly oligotrophic and stable open-ocean region actually reveals significant ecological variability. We provide evidence for Saharan dust and the Amazon River acting as fertilizers for phytoplankton and highlight the the importance of the thermocline depth for coccolithophore productivity in the lower photic zone.
Gerhard Fischer, Johannes Karstensen, Oscar Romero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Morten Iversen, Björn Fiedler, Ivanice Monteiro, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 13, 3203–3223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3203-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3203-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Particle fluxes at the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory in the eastern tropical North Atlantic for the period December 2009 until May 2011 are discussed based on deep sediment trap time-series data collected at 1290 and 3439 m water depths. The typically open-ocean flux pattern with weak seasonality is modified by the appearance of a highly productive and low oxygen eddy in winter 2010. The eddy passage was accompanied by high biogenic and lithogenic fluxes, lasting from December 2009 to May 2010.
M. T. Horigome, P. Ziveri, M. Grelaud, K.-H. Baumann, G. Marino, and P. G. Mortyn
Biogeosciences, 11, 2295–2308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2295-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2295-2014, 2014
C. Berger, K. J. S. Meier, H. Kinkel, and K.-H. Baumann
Biogeosciences, 11, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, 2014
Cited articles
H., Andruleit: Status of the Java upwelling area (Indian Ocean) during the oligotrophic northern hemisphere winter monsoon season as revealed by coccolithophores, Marine Micropaleontology, 64, 36-51, 2007.
H., Andruleit, S., Stäger, U., Rogalla and P., Cepek: Living coccolithophores in the northern Arabian Sea: Ecological tolerance and environmental control, Marine Micropaleontology, 49, 157-181, 2003.
K.-H., Baumann, B., Böckel and M., Cepek: Spatial distribution of living coccolithophores on an East–West transect in the subtropical South Atlantic, Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 30, 9-21, 2008.
D. C., Biggs and F. E., Müller-Karger: Hip and satellite observations of chlorophyll stocks in interacting cyclone–anticyclone eddy pairs in the western Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 7371-7384, 1994.
B., Boeckel and K.-H., Baumann: Vertical and lateral variations in coccolithophore community structure across the subtropical frontal zone in the South Atlantic Ocean, Marine Micropaleontology, 67, 255-273, 2008.
G., Bohrmann and V., Spiess: Report and Preliminary Results of R/V Meteor Cruise M67/2a and 2b, Balboa–Tampico–Bridgetown, 15 March–24 April, 2006. Fluid seepage in the Gulf of Mexico, Berichte Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, 263, 161-2008.
L. E., Brand: Physiological ecology of marine coccolithophoresIn (Eds) CoccolithophoresCambridge University Press, Cambridge, 39–49., 1994.
C. A., Brunner: Paleoceanography of surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico during the late Quaternary, Quaternary Research, 17, 105-119, 1982.
M. Y., Cortés, J., Bollmann and H. R., Thierstein: Coccolithophore ecology at the HOT station ALOHA, Hawaii, Deep-Sea Research II, 48, 1957-1981, 2001.
M. J., Dagg: Copepod grazing and the fate of phytoplankton in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Continental Shelf Research, 15, 1303-1317, 1995.
K. R., Gaarder and G. R., Hasle: Coccolithophorids of the Gulf of Mexico, Bulletin of Marine Science, 21, 519-544, 1971.
J., Giraudeau: Distribution of recent nannofossils beneath the Benguela system: southwest African continental margin, Marine Geology, 108, 219-237, 1992.
J., Giraudeau and G. W., Bailey: Spatial dynamics of coccolithophore communities during an upwelling event in the Southern Benguela system, Continental Shelf Research, 15, 1825-1852, 1995.
J., Gyory, A. J., Mariano and E. H., Ryan: n.dThe Yucatan CurrentIn Ocean Surface Currentshttp://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/caribbean/yucatan.html (accessed 17 May 2013).
K., Hagino and H., Okada: Floral response of coccolithophores to progressive oligotrophication in the South Equatorial Current, Pacific OceanIn (Eds), Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on LandTerrapub, Tokyo, 121–132., 2004.
K., Hagino and H., Okada: Intra- and infra-specific morphological variation in selected coccolithophore species in the equatorial and subequatorial Pacific Ocean, Marine Micropaleontology, 58, 184-206, 2006.
K., Hagino, H., Okada and H., Matsuoka: Spatial dynamics of coccolithophore assemblages in the equatorial western-central Pacific Ocean, Marine Micropaleontology, 39, 53-57, 2000.
K., Hagino, H., Okada and H., Matsuoka: Coccolithophore assemblages and morphotypes of Emiliania huxleyi in the boundary zone between the cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio currents off the coast of Japan, Marine Micropaleontology, 55, 19-47, 2005.
A. T., Haidar and H. R., Thierstein: Coccolithophore dynamics off Bermuda (N. Atlantic), Deep-Sea Research II, 48, 1925-1956, 2001.
D. U., Hernández-Becerril and C., Flores: Species of the diatom genus Chaetoceras (Bacillariophyceae) in the plankton from the southern Gulf of Mexico, Botanica Marina, 41, 505-519, 1998.
D. U., Hernández-Becerril, J. A., García-Reséndiz, D. A., Salas-de León, M. A., Monreal-Gómez, M., Signoret-Poillon and J., Aldeco-Ramírez: Nanoplankton fraction in the phytoplankton structure in the southern Gulf of Mexico (April 2000), Ciencias Marinas, 34, 77-90, 2008.
S., Honjo and H., Okada: Community structure of coccolithophores in the photic layer of the mid-Pacific, Micropaleontology, 29, 209-230, 1974.
C., Hu, R. H., Weisberg and Y., Liu: Did the northeastern Gulf of Mexico become greener after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? Geophysical Research Letters, 38: l09601, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047184., 2011.
E. M., Hulburt and N., Corwin: A note on the phytoplankton distribution in the offshore waters of the eastern and central Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Journal of Science, 12, 29-38, 1972.
W. E., Johns, T. L., Townsend, D. M., Fratantoni and W. D., Wilson: On the Atlantic inflow to the Caribbean Sea, Deep-Sea Research, 49, 211-243, 2002.
R. W., Jordan and A. H. L., Chamberlain: Biodiversity among haptophyte algae, Biodiversity Conservation, 6, 131-152, 1997.
H., Kinkel, K.-H., Baumann and M., Cepek: Coccolithophores in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Response to seasonal and Late Quaternary surface water variability, Marine Micropaleontology, 39, 87-112, 2000.
S. A., Klapp, M. M., Murshed and T., Pape: Mixed gas hydrate structures at the Chapopote Knoll, southern Gulf of Mexico, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 299, 207-217, 2010.
T. N., Lee and D. A., Mayer: Low frequency current variability and spinoff eddies on the shelf off southeast Florida, Journal of Marine Research, 35, 193-220, 1977.
S., Licea, M. E., Zamudio, R., Luna and J., Soto: Free-living dinoflagellates in the southern Gulf of Mexico: Report of data (1979–2002), Phycological Research, 52, 419-428, 2004.
R. J., Livingston: Phytoplankton bloom effects on a Gulf estuary: water quality changes and biological response, Ecological Applications, 17, S110-S128, 2007.
S. E., Lohrenz, M. J., Dagg and T. E., Whitledge: Enhanced primary production at the plume/oceanic interface of the Mississippi River, Continental Shelf Research, 10, 639-664, 1990.
I. R., Macdonald, G., Bohrmann and E., Escobar: Asphalt volcanism and chemosynthetic life in the Campeche Knolls, Gulf of Mexico, Science, 304, 999-1002, 2004.
E., Malinverno, P., Ziveri and C., Corselli: Coccolithophorid distribution in the Ionian Sea and its relationship to eastern Mediterranean circulation during late fall to early winter 1997Journal of Geophysical Research, 108: 8115, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001346., 2003.
A., McIntyre and A. W. H., Bé: Modern coccolithophoridae of the Atlantic Ocean – I. Placoliths and Cyrtoliths, Deep-Sea Research, 14, 561-597, 1967.
M., Merino: Upwelling on the Yucatan Shelf: Hydrographic evidence, Journal of Marine Systems, 13, 101-121, 1997.
R. L., Molinari and J., Morrison: The separation of the Yucatan Current from the Campeche Bank and the intrusion of the Loop Current into the Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 10,645-10,654, 1988.
R. L., Molinari, E., Johns and J. F., Festa: The annual cycle of meridional heat-flux in the Atlantic Ocean at 26.5 °N, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20, 476-482, 1990.
F. E., Müller-Karger, J. J., Walsh, R. H., Evans and M. B., Meyers: On the seasonal phytoplankton concentration and sea surface temperature cycles of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by satellites, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 12,645-12,665, 1991.
J., Ochoa, H., Sheinbaum, A., Badan, J., Candela and D., Wilson: Geostrophy via potential vorticity inversion in the Yucatan Channel, Journal of Marine Research, 59, 725-747, 2001.
H., Okada and S., Honjo: Distribution of coccolithophores in marginal seas along the western Pacific Ocean and in the Red Sea, Marine Biology, 31, 271-285, 1975.
H., Okada and A., McIntyre: Modern coccolithophores of the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, Micropaleontology, 23, 1-55, 1977.
Y. B., Okolodkov: A review of Russian plankton research in the Gulf of Mexico in the 1960–1980s, Hidrobiologica, 13, 207-221, 2003.
P. B., Ortner, R. L., Ferguson, S. R., Piotrowicz, L., Chesal, G. A., Berberian and A. V., Palumbo: Biological consequences of hydrographic and atmospheric advection within the Gulf Loop Intrusion, Deep-Sea Research, 31, 1101-1120, 1984.
V., Pariente: Coccolithophores – At home in the Gulf of MexicoQuaterdeck Online, 5, http://ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.2/qdhome-5.2.html (accessed 17 May 2013)., 1997.
F. M. H., Reid: Coccolithophorids from the North Pacific central gyre with notes on their vertical and seasonal distribution, Micropaleontology, 26, 151-176, 1980.
J., Sheinbaum, J., Candela, A., Badan and J., Ochoa: Flow structure and transport in the Yucatan Channel, Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 10-1-10-4, 2002.
L. S., Strom and M. W., Strom: Microplankton growth, grazing, and community structure in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 130, 229-240, 1996.
W., Sturges and J. C., Evans: On the variability of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Marine Research, 41, 639-653, 1983.
W., Sturges and R., Leben: Frequency of ring separations from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico: A revised estimate, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30, 1814-1819, 2000.
W., Sturges and A., Lugo-Fernandez: Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Models, Monograph 161, American Geophysical Union, 360-2005.
V. M. V., Vidal, F. V., Vidal, A. F., Hernámdez, E., Meza and L., Zambrano: Winter water mass distributions in the western Gulf of Mexico affected by a colliding anticyclonic ring, Journal of Oceanography, 50, 559-588, 1994.
A., Winter, R. W., Jordan and P. H., Roth: Biogeography of living coccolithophoresIn (Eds), CoccolithophoresCambridge University Press, New York, 161–178., 1994.
J. R., Young, M., Geisen and L., Cros: A guide to extant coccolithophore taxonomy, Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 1, 125-2003.
J., Zavala-Hidalgo, S. L., Morey, J. J., O′Brien and L., Zamudio: On the Loop Current eddy shedding variability, Atmosfera, 19, 41-48, 2006.