Articles | Volume 39, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-117-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-117-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Jul 2020
Research article |
| 27 Jul 2020
| 27 Jul 2020
New composite bio- and isotope stratigraphies spanning the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum at tropical ODP Site 865 in the Pacific Ocean
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10
3AT, UK
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of
Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
Steven M. Bohaty
Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton,
University of Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Helen K. Coxall
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91,
Stockholm, Sweden
Paul R. Bown
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E
6BT, UK
Sietske J. Batenburg
Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, CNRS, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
Caroline H. Lear
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10
3AT, UK
Paul N. Pearson
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10
3AT, UK
Related authors
Kirsty Marie Edgar, Maria Grigoratou, Fanny Monteiro, Ruby Barrett, Rui Ying, and Daniela Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3295, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3295, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Planktic foraminifera are microscopic marine organisms whose calcium carbonate shells provide valuable insights into past ocean conditions. A promising means of understanding foraminiferal ecology and their environmental interactions is to constrain their key functional traits relating to feeding, symbioses, motility, calcification and reproduction. Here we review what we know of their functional traits, key gaps in our understanding and suggestions on how to fill them.
Tom Dunkley Jones, Yvette L. Eley, William Thomson, Sarah E. Greene, Ilya Mandel, Kirsty Edgar, and James A. Bendle
Clim. Past, 16, 2599–2617, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the utiliity of the composition of fossil lipid biomarkers, which are commonly preserved in ancient marine sediments, in providing estimates of past ocean temperatures. The group of lipids concerned show compositional changes across the modern oceans that are correlated, to some extent, with local surface ocean temperatures. Here we present new machine learning approaches to improve our understanding of this temperature sensitivity and its application to reconstructing past climates.
Gordon N. Inglis, Fran Bragg, Natalie J. Burls, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Matthew Huber, Daniel J. Lunt, Nicholas Siler, Sebastian Steinig, Jessica E. Tierney, Richard Wilkinson, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Tom Dunkley Jones, Kirsty M. Edgar, Christopher J. Hollis, David K. Hutchinson, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 16, 1953–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents estimates of global mean surface temperatures and climate sensitivity during the early Paleogene (∼57–48 Ma). We employ a multi-method experimental approach and show that i) global mean surface temperatures range between 27 and 32°C and that ii) estimates of
bulkequilibrium climate sensitivity (∼3 to 4.5°C) fall within the range predicted by the IPCC AR5 Report. This work improves our understanding of two key climate metrics during the early Paleogene.
Dana Ridha, Ian Boomer, and Kirsty M. Edgar
J. Micropalaeontol., 38, 189–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper records the spatial and temporal distribution of deep-sea benthic microfossils (Foraminifera, single-celled organisms) from the latest Oligocene to earliest Pliocene (about 28 to 4 million years ago) from Ocean Drilling Program cores in the southern Indian Ocean. Key taxa are illustrated and their stratigraphic distribution is presented as they respond to a period of marked global climatic changes, with a pronounced warm period in the mid-Miocene followed by subsequent cooling.
Anna Mikis, Katharine R. Hendry, Jennifer Pike, Daniela N. Schmidt, Kirsty M. Edgar, Victoria Peck, Frank J. C. Peeters, Melanie J. Leng, Michael P. Meredith, Chloe L. C. Jones, Sharon Stammerjohn, and Hugh Ducklow
Biogeosciences, 16, 3267–3282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3267-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3267-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic marine calcifying organisms are threatened by regional climate change and ocean acidification. Future projections of regional carbonate production are challenging due to the lack of historical data combined with complex climate variability. We present a 6-year record of flux, morphology and geochemistry of an Antarctic planktonic foraminifera, which shows that their growth is most sensitive to sea ice dynamics and is linked with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Christopher J. Hollis, Tom Dunkley Jones, Eleni Anagnostou, Peter K. Bijl, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Ying Cui, Gerald R. Dickens, Kirsty M. Edgar, Yvette Eley, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Elizabeth M. Kennedy, Reinhard Kozdon, Vittoria Lauretano, Caroline H. Lear, Kate Littler, Lucas Lourens, A. Nele Meckler, B. David A. Naafs, Heiko Pälike, Richard D. Pancost, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Dana L. Royer, Ulrich Salzmann, Brian A. Schubert, Hannu Seebeck, Appy Sluijs, Robert P. Speijer, Peter Stassen, Jessica Tierney, Aradhna Tripati, Bridget Wade, Thomas Westerhold, Caitlyn Witkowski, James C. Zachos, Yi Ge Zhang, Matthew Huber, and Daniel J. Lunt
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the early Eocene (around 55 million years ago), the last time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Previously, we outlined the experimental design for climate model simulations. Here, we outline the methods used for compilation and analysis of climate proxy data. The resulting climate
atlaswill provide insights into the mechanisms that control past warm climate states.
Frida S. Hoem, Karlijn van den Broek, Adrián López-Quirós, Suzanna H. A. van de Lagemaat, Steve M. Bohaty, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Robert D. Larter, Tim E. van Peer, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 497–517, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The timing and impact of onset of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) on climate and Antarctic ice are unclear. We reconstruct late Eocene to Miocene southern Atlantic surface ocean environment using microfossil remains of dinoflagellates (dinocysts). Our dinocyst records shows the breakdown of subpolar gyres in the late Oligocene and the transition into a modern-like oceanographic regime with ACC flow, established frontal systems, Antarctic proximal cooling, and sea ice by the late Miocene.
Kirsty Marie Edgar, Maria Grigoratou, Fanny Monteiro, Ruby Barrett, Rui Ying, and Daniela Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3295, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3295, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Planktic foraminifera are microscopic marine organisms whose calcium carbonate shells provide valuable insights into past ocean conditions. A promising means of understanding foraminiferal ecology and their environmental interactions is to constrain their key functional traits relating to feeding, symbioses, motility, calcification and reproduction. Here we review what we know of their functional traits, key gaps in our understanding and suggestions on how to fill them.
Niklas Hohmann, David De Vleeschouwer, Sietske Batenburg, and Emilia Jarochowska
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2857, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Age-depth models assign ages to sampling locations (e.g., in drill cores), making them crucial to determined timing and pace of past changes. We present two methods to estimate age-depth models from sedimentological and stratigraphic information, resulting in richer and more empirically realistic age-depth models. As a use case, we determine (1) the timing of the Frasnian-Famennian extinction and (2) examine the duration of PETM, an potential deep time analogue for anthropogenic climate change.
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, David Evans, Elaine Mawbey, William Gray, Paul Pearson, and Bridget Wade
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1608, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1608, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a comparison of results from the Mg/Ca and oxygen stable isotopes paleothermometers obtained from 57 modern to fossil species of planktonic foraminifera from the last 15 million of years. We find that the occurrence (or not) of species-species offsets in Mg/Ca is conservative between ancestor-descendent species, and that taking into account species kinship can significantly improve temperature reconstructions by several degrees.
Flor Vermassen, Clare Bird, Tirza M. Weitkamp, Kate F. Darling, Hanna Farnelid, Céline Heuzé, Allison Y. Hsiang, Salar Karam, Christian Stranne, Marcus Sundbom, and Helen K. Coxall
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1091, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first systematic survey of planktonic foraminifera in the high Arctic Ocean. Our results describe the abundance and species composition under summer sea-ice. They indicate that the polar specialist N. pachyderma is the only species present, with subpolar species absent. The dataset will be a valuable reference for continued monitoring of the state of planktonic foraminifera communities as they respond to the ongoing sea-ice decline and the ‘Atlantification’ of the Arctic Ocean.
Frances A. Procter, Sandra Piazolo, Eleanor H. John, Richard Walshaw, Paul N. Pearson, Caroline H. Lear, and Tracy Aze
Biogeosciences, 21, 1213–1233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1213-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses novel techniques to look at the microstructure of planktonic foraminifera (single-celled marine organisms) fossils, to further our understanding of how they form their hard exterior shells and how the microstructure and chemistry of these shells can change as a result of processes that occur after deposition on the seafloor. Understanding these processes is of critical importance for using planktonic foraminifera for robust climate and environmental reconstructions of the past.
Nico Wunderling, Anna S. von der Heydt, Yevgeny Aksenov, Stephen Barker, Robbin Bastiaansen, Victor Brovkin, Maura Brunetti, Victor Couplet, Thomas Kleinen, Caroline H. Lear, Johannes Lohmann, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, Sacha Sinet, Didier Swingedouw, Ricarda Winkelmann, Pallavi Anand, Jonathan Barichivich, Sebastian Bathiany, Mara Baudena, John T. Bruun, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Helen K. Coxall, David Docquier, Jonathan F. Donges, Swinda K. J. Falkena, Ann Kristin Klose, David Obura, Juan Rocha, Stefanie Rynders, Norman Julius Steinert, and Matteo Willeit
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 41–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-41-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-41-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper maps out the state-of-the-art literature on interactions between tipping elements relevant for current global warming pathways. We find indications that many of the interactions between tipping elements are destabilizing. This means that tipping cascades cannot be ruled out on centennial to millennial timescales at global warming levels between 1.5 and 2.0 °C or on shorter timescales if global warming surpasses 2.0 °C.
Paul N. Pearson, Jeremy Young, David J. King, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 211–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera are marine plankton that have a long and continuous fossil record. They are used for correlating and dating ocean sediments and studying evolution and past climates. This paper presents new information about Pulleniatina, one of the most widespread and abundant groups, from an important site in the Pacific Ocean. It also brings together a very large amount of information on the fossil record from other sites globally.
Marcin Latas, Paul N. Pearson, Christopher R. Poole, Alessio Fabbrini, and Bridget S. Wade
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-57-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-57-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera are microscopic single-celled organisms populating world oceans. They have one of the most complete fossil records; thanks to their great abundance, they are widely used to study past marine environments. We analysed and measured series of foraminifera shells from Indo-Pacific sites, which led to the description of a new species of fossil planktonic foraminifera. Part of its population exhibits pink pigmentation, which is only the third such case among known species.
Jesse R. Farmer, Katherine J. Keller, Robert K. Poirier, Gary S. Dwyer, Morgan F. Schaller, Helen K. Coxall, Matt O'Regan, and Thomas M. Cronin
Clim. Past, 19, 555–578, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen isotopes are used to date marine sediments via similar large-scale ocean patterns over glacial cycles. However, the Arctic Ocean exhibits a different isotope pattern, creating uncertainty in the timing of past Arctic climate change. We find that the Arctic Ocean experienced large local oxygen isotope changes over glacial cycles. We attribute this to a breakdown of stratification during ice ages that allowed for a unique low isotope value to characterize the ice age Arctic Ocean.
Kasia K. Śliwińska, Helen K. Coxall, David K. Hutchinson, Diederik Liebrand, Stefan Schouten, and Agatha M. de Boer
Clim. Past, 19, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a sea surface temperature record from the Labrador Sea (ODP Site 647) based on organic geochemical proxies across the late Eocene and early Oligocene. Our study reveals heterogenic cooling of the Atlantic. The cooling of the North Atlantic is difficult to reconcile with the active Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We discuss possible explanations like uncertainty in the data, paleogeography and atmospheric CO2 boundary conditions, model weaknesses, and AMOC activity.
Paul N. Pearson, Eleanor John, Bridget S. Wade, Simon D'haenens, and Caroline H. Lear
J. Micropalaeontol., 41, 107–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The microscopic shells of planktonic foraminifera accumulate on the sea floor over millions of years, providing a rich archive for understanding the history of the oceans. We examined an extinct group that flourished between about 63 and 32 million years ago using scanning electron microscopy and show that they were covered with needle-like spines in life. This has implications for analytical methods that we use to determine past seawater temperature and acidity.
Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Amy Jones, Tom Dunkley Jones, Katherine A. Crichton, Bridget S. Wade, and Paul N. Pearson
Biogeosciences, 19, 743–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-living organisms are a major yet poorly known component of ocean biomass. Here we reconstruct the evolution of deep-living zooplankton and phytoplankton. Deep-dwelling zooplankton and phytoplankton did not occur 15 Myr ago, when the ocean was several degrees warmer than today. Deep-dwelling species first evolve around 7.5 Myr ago, following global climate cooling. Their evolution was driven by colder ocean temperatures allowing more food, oxygen, and light at depth.
Katherine A. Crichton, Andy Ridgwell, Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, and Paul N. Pearson
Clim. Past, 17, 2223–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The middle Miocene (15 Ma) was a period of global warmth up to 8 °C warmer than present. We investigate changes in ocean circulation and heat distribution since the middle Miocene and the cooling to the present using the cGENIE Earth system model. We create seven time slices at ~2.5 Myr intervals, constrained with paleo-proxy data, showing a progressive reduction in atmospheric CO2 and a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Jakub Witkowski, Karolina Bryłka, Steven M. Bohaty, Elżbieta Mydłowska, Donald E. Penman, and Bridget S. Wade
Clim. Past, 17, 1937–1954, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the history of biogenic opal accumulation through the early to middle Paleogene in the western North Atlantic. Biogenic opal accumulation was controlled by deepwater temperatures, atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, and continental weathering intensity. Overturning circulation in the Atlantic was established at the end of the extreme early Eocene greenhouse warmth period. We also show that the strength of the link between climate and continental weathering varies through time.
David K. Hutchinson, Helen K. Coxall, Daniel J. Lunt, Margret Steinthorsdottir, Agatha M. de Boer, Michiel Baatsen, Anna von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Caroline H. Lear, Karolin Moraweck, Paul N. Pearson, Emanuela Piga, Matthew J. Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Howie D. Scher, Willem P. Sijp, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Paul A. Wilson, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a major climate cooling event from a largely ice-free world to the first major glaciation of Antarctica, approximately 34 million years ago. This paper reviews observed changes in temperature, CO2 and ice sheets from marine and land-based records at this time. We present a new model–data comparison of this transition and find that CO2-forced cooling provides the best explanation of the observed global temperature changes.
Daniel J. Lunt, Fran Bragg, Wing-Le Chan, David K. Hutchinson, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Polina Morozova, Igor Niezgodzki, Sebastian Steinig, Zhongshi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Helen K. Coxall, Yannick Donnadieu, Gavin Foster, Gordon N. Inglis, Gregor Knorr, Petra M. Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Gerrit Lohmann, Christopher J. Poulsen, Pierre Sepulchre, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny M. Volodin, Tom Dunkley Jones, Christopher J. Hollis, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
Clim. Past, 17, 203–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first modelling results from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP), in which we focus on the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO, 50 million years ago). We show that, in contrast to previous work, at least three models (CESM, GFDL, and NorESM) produce climate states that are consistent with proxy indicators of global mean temperature and polar amplification, and they achieve this at a CO2 concentration that is consistent with the CO2 proxy record.
Katherine A. Crichton, Jamie D. Wilson, Andy Ridgwell, and Paul N. Pearson
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 125–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temperature is a controller of metabolic processes and therefore also a controller of the ocean's biological carbon pump (BCP). We calibrate a temperature-dependent version of the BCP in the cGENIE Earth system model. Since the pre-industrial period, warming has intensified near-surface nutrient recycling, supporting production and largely offsetting stratification-induced surface nutrient limitation. But at the same time less carbon that sinks out of the surface then reaches the deep ocean.
Tom Dunkley Jones, Yvette L. Eley, William Thomson, Sarah E. Greene, Ilya Mandel, Kirsty Edgar, and James A. Bendle
Clim. Past, 16, 2599–2617, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2599-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the utiliity of the composition of fossil lipid biomarkers, which are commonly preserved in ancient marine sediments, in providing estimates of past ocean temperatures. The group of lipids concerned show compositional changes across the modern oceans that are correlated, to some extent, with local surface ocean temperatures. Here we present new machine learning approaches to improve our understanding of this temperature sensitivity and its application to reconstructing past climates.
Gordon N. Inglis, Fran Bragg, Natalie J. Burls, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Matthew Huber, Daniel J. Lunt, Nicholas Siler, Sebastian Steinig, Jessica E. Tierney, Richard Wilkinson, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Tom Dunkley Jones, Kirsty M. Edgar, Christopher J. Hollis, David K. Hutchinson, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 16, 1953–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents estimates of global mean surface temperatures and climate sensitivity during the early Paleogene (∼57–48 Ma). We employ a multi-method experimental approach and show that i) global mean surface temperatures range between 27 and 32°C and that ii) estimates of
bulkequilibrium climate sensitivity (∼3 to 4.5°C) fall within the range predicted by the IPCC AR5 Report. This work improves our understanding of two key climate metrics during the early Paleogene.
Gabriel J. Bowen, Brenden Fischer-Femal, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Caroline H. Lear
Clim. Past, 16, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate conditions are reconstructed using indirect and incomplete geological, biological, and geochemical proxy data. We propose that such reconstructions are best obtained by statistical inversion of hierarchical models that represent how multi–proxy observations and calibration data are produced by variation of environmental conditions in time and/or space. These methods extract new information from traditional proxies and provide robust, comprehensive estimates of uncertainty.
Dana Ridha, Ian Boomer, and Kirsty M. Edgar
J. Micropalaeontol., 38, 189–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-38-189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper records the spatial and temporal distribution of deep-sea benthic microfossils (Foraminifera, single-celled organisms) from the latest Oligocene to earliest Pliocene (about 28 to 4 million years ago) from Ocean Drilling Program cores in the southern Indian Ocean. Key taxa are illustrated and their stratigraphic distribution is presented as they respond to a period of marked global climatic changes, with a pronounced warm period in the mid-Miocene followed by subsequent cooling.
Christian Berndt, Sverre Planke, Damon Teagle, Ritske Huismans, Trond Torsvik, Joost Frieling, Morgan T. Jones, Dougal A. Jerram, Christian Tegner, Jan Inge Faleide, Helen Coxall, and Wei-Li Hong
Sci. Dril., 26, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The northeast Atlantic encompasses archetypal examples of volcanic rifted margins. Twenty-five years after the last ODP leg on these volcanic margins, the reasons for excess melting are still disputed with at least three competing hypotheses being discussed. We are proposing a new drilling campaign that will constrain the timing, rates of volcanism, and vertical movements of rifted margins.
Anna Mikis, Katharine R. Hendry, Jennifer Pike, Daniela N. Schmidt, Kirsty M. Edgar, Victoria Peck, Frank J. C. Peeters, Melanie J. Leng, Michael P. Meredith, Chloe L. C. Jones, Sharon Stammerjohn, and Hugh Ducklow
Biogeosciences, 16, 3267–3282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3267-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3267-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic marine calcifying organisms are threatened by regional climate change and ocean acidification. Future projections of regional carbonate production are challenging due to the lack of historical data combined with complex climate variability. We present a 6-year record of flux, morphology and geochemistry of an Antarctic planktonic foraminifera, which shows that their growth is most sensitive to sea ice dynamics and is linked with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Christopher J. Hollis, Tom Dunkley Jones, Eleni Anagnostou, Peter K. Bijl, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Ying Cui, Gerald R. Dickens, Kirsty M. Edgar, Yvette Eley, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Elizabeth M. Kennedy, Reinhard Kozdon, Vittoria Lauretano, Caroline H. Lear, Kate Littler, Lucas Lourens, A. Nele Meckler, B. David A. Naafs, Heiko Pälike, Richard D. Pancost, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Dana L. Royer, Ulrich Salzmann, Brian A. Schubert, Hannu Seebeck, Appy Sluijs, Robert P. Speijer, Peter Stassen, Jessica Tierney, Aradhna Tripati, Bridget Wade, Thomas Westerhold, Caitlyn Witkowski, James C. Zachos, Yi Ge Zhang, Matthew Huber, and Daniel J. Lunt
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the early Eocene (around 55 million years ago), the last time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Previously, we outlined the experimental design for climate model simulations. Here, we outline the methods used for compilation and analysis of climate proxy data. The resulting climate
atlaswill provide insights into the mechanisms that control past warm climate states.
Marcus P. S. Badger, Thomas B. Chalk, Gavin L. Foster, Paul R. Bown, Samantha J. Gibbs, Philip F. Sexton, Daniela N. Schmidt, Heiko Pälike, Andreas Mackensen, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 15, 539–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-539-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-539-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how atmospheric CO2 has affected the climate of the past is an important way of furthering our understanding of how CO2 may affect our climate in the future. There are several ways of determining CO2 in the past; in this paper, we ground-truth one method (based on preserved organic matter from alga) against the record of CO2 preserved as bubbles in ice cores over a glacial–interglacial cycle. We find that there is a discrepancy between the two.
Isabel S. Fenton, Ulrike Baranowski, Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Hannah Cheales, Lyndsey Fox, David J. King, Christina Larkin, Marcin Latas, Diederik Liebrand, C. Giles Miller, Katrina Nilsson-Kerr, Emanuela Piga, Hazel Pugh, Serginio Remmelzwaal, Zoe A. Roseby, Yvonne M. Smith, Stephen Stukins, Ben Taylor, Adam Woodhouse, Savannah Worne, Paul N. Pearson, Christopher R. Poole, Bridget S. Wade, and Andy Purvis
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 431–443, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-431-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-431-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigate consistency in species-level identifications and whether disagreements are predictable. Twenty-three scientists identified a set of 100 planktonic foraminifera, noting their confidence in each identification. The median accuracy of students was 57 %; 79 % for experienced researchers. Where they were confident in the identifications, the values are 75 % and 93 %, respectively. Accuracy was significantly higher if the students had been taught how to identify species.
David K. Hutchinson, Agatha M. de Boer, Helen K. Coxall, Rodrigo Caballero, Johan Nilsson, and Michiel Baatsen
Clim. Past, 14, 789–810, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-789-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-789-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene--Oligocene transition was a major cooling event 34 million years ago. Climate model studies of this transition have used low ocean resolution or topography that roughly approximates the time period. We present a new climate model simulation of the late Eocene, with higher ocean resolution and topography which is accurately designed for this time period. These features improve the ocean circulation and gateways which are thought to be important for this climate transition.
Joost Frieling, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Charlotte C. M. Rem, Timme H. Donders, Jörg Pross, Steven M. Bohaty, Guy R. Holdgate, Stephen J. Gallagher, Brian McGowran, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 317–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The hothouse climate of the early Paleogene and the associated violent carbon cycle perturbations are of particular interest to understanding current and future global climate change. Using dinoflagellate cysts and stable carbon isotope analyses, we identify several significant events, e.g., the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in sedimentary deposits from the Otway Basin, SE Australia. We anticipate that this study will facilitate detailed climate reconstructions west of the Tasmanian Gateway.
Sudeep Kanungo, Paul R. Bown, Jeremy R. Young, and Andrew S. Gale
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-231-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-231-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a regional warming event in the Albian of the Anglo-Paris Basin and its palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic implications. This multi-proxy study utilizes three independent datasets to confirm the warming event that lasted ~ 500 kyr around the middle–upper Albian boundary. The research involved a field study of the Gault Clay (UK) with an in-depth analysis of nannofossils, bulk sediment carbon and oxygen isotopes, and an investigation of ammonites from the formation.
Joost Frieling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jack J. Middelburg, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Steven M. Bohaty, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Past periods of rapid global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are used to study biotic response to climate change. We show that very high peak PETM temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (~ 37 ºC) caused heat stress in several marine plankton groups. However, only slightly cooler temperatures afterwards allowed highly diverse plankton communities to bloom. This shows that tropical plankton communities may be susceptible to extreme warming, but may also recover rapidly.
Paul N. Pearson and IODP Expedition 363 Shipboard Scientific
Party
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-97-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-97-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We describe an unusual millimetre-long tube that was discovered in sediment from the deep sea floor. The tube was made by a single-celled organism by cementing together sedimentary grains from its environment. The specimen is unusual because it implies that the organism used a very high degree of discrimination in selecting its grains, as they are all of one type and most are oriented the same way. It raises intriguing questions of how the organism accomplished this activity.
Martin Jakobsson, Christof Pearce, Thomas M. Cronin, Jan Backman, Leif G. Anderson, Natalia Barrientos, Göran Björk, Helen Coxall, Agatha de Boer, Larry A. Mayer, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Johan Nilsson, Jayne E. Rattray, Christian Stranne, Igor Semiletov, and Matt O'Regan
Clim. Past, 13, 991–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic and Pacific oceans are connected by the presently ~53 m deep Bering Strait. During the last glacial period when the sea level was lower than today, the Bering Strait was exposed. Humans and animals could then migrate between Asia and North America across the formed land bridge. From analyses of sediment cores and geophysical mapping data from Herald Canyon north of the Bering Strait, we show that the land bridge was flooded about 11 000 years ago.
Rosie M. Sheward, Alex J. Poulton, Samantha J. Gibbs, Chris J. Daniels, and Paul R. Bown
Biogeosciences, 14, 1493–1509, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1493-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1493-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our culture experiments on modern Coccolithophores find that physiology regulates shifts in the geometry of their carbonate shells (coccospheres) between growth phases. This provides a tool to access growth information in modern and past populations. Directly comparing modern species with fossil coccospheres derives a new proxy for investigating the physiology that underpins phytoplankton responses to environmental change through geological time.
Rosanna Greenop, Mathis P. Hain, Sindia M. Sosdian, Kevin I. C. Oliver, Philip Goodwin, Thomas B. Chalk, Caroline H. Lear, Paul A. Wilson, and Gavin L. Foster
Clim. Past, 13, 149–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-149-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-149-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the boron isotopic composition of seawater (δ11Bsw) is key to calculating absolute estimates of CO2 using the boron isotope pH proxy. Here we use the boron isotope gradient, along with an estimate of pH gradient, between the surface and deep ocean to show that the δ11Bsw varies by ~ 2 ‰ over the past 23 million years. This new record has implications for both δ11Bsw and CO2 records and understanding changes in the ocean isotope composition of a number of ions through time.
Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, Eleni Anagnostou, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Rodrigo Caballero, Rob DeConto, Henk A. Dijkstra, Yannick Donnadieu, David Evans, Ran Feng, Gavin L. Foster, Ed Gasson, Anna S. von der Heydt, Chris J. Hollis, Gordon N. Inglis, Stephen M. Jones, Jeff Kiehl, Sandy Kirtland Turner, Robert L. Korty, Reinhardt Kozdon, Srinath Krishnan, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Petra Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Allegra N. LeGrande, Kate Littler, Paul Markwick, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Paul Pearson, Christopher J. Poulsen, Ulrich Salzmann, Christine Shields, Kathryn Snell, Michael Stärz, James Super, Clay Tabor, Jessica E. Tierney, Gregory J. L. Tourte, Aradhna Tripati, Garland R. Upchurch, Bridget S. Wade, Scott L. Wing, Arne M. E. Winguth, Nicky M. Wright, James C. Zachos, and Richard E. Zeebe
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 889–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the experimental design for a set of simulations which will be carried out by a range of climate models, all investigating the climate of the Eocene, about 50 million years ago. The intercomparison of model results is called 'DeepMIP', and we anticipate that we will contribute to the next IPCC report through an analysis of these simulations and the geological data to which we will compare them.
Sietske J. Batenburg, David De Vleeschouwer, Mario Sprovieri, Frederik J. Hilgen, Andrew S. Gale, Brad S. Singer, Christian Koeberl, Rodolfo Coccioni, Philippe Claeys, and Alessandro Montanari
Clim. Past, 12, 1995–2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1995-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1995-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The relative contributions of astronomical forcing and tectonics to ocean anoxia in the Cretaceous are unclear. This study establishes the pacing of Late Cretaceous black cherts and shales. We present a 6-million-year astrochronology from the Furlo and Bottaccione sections in Italy that spans the Cenomanian–Turonian transition and OAE2. Together with a new radioisotopic age for the mid-Cenomanian event, we show that astronomical forcing determined the timing of these carbon cycle perturbations.
Oliver Friedrich, Sietske J. Batenburg, Kazuyoshi Moriya, Silke Voigt, Cécile Cournède, Iris Möbius, Peter Blum, André Bornemann, Jens Fiebig, Takashi Hasegawa, Pincelli M. Hull, Richard D. Norris, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Paul A. Wilson, and IODP Expedition
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-51, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
A lack of knowledge on the timing of Late Cretaceous climatic change inhibits our understanding of underlying causal mechanisms. Therefore, we used an expanded deep ocean record from the North Atlantic that shows distinct sedimentary cyclicity suggesting orbital forcing. A high-resolution carbon-isotope record from bulk carbonates allows to identify global trends in the carbon cycle. Our new carbon isotope record and the established cyclostratigraphy may serve as a future reference site.
K. M. Pascher, C. J. Hollis, S. M. Bohaty, G. Cortese, R. M. McKay, H. Seebeck, N. Suzuki, and K. Chiba
Clim. Past, 11, 1599–1620, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1599-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1599-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Radiolarian taxa with high-latitude affinities are present from at least the middle Eocene in the SW Pacific and become very abundant in the late Eocene at all investigated sites. A short incursion of low-latitude taxa is observed during the MECO and late Eocene warming event at Site 277. Radiolarian abundance, diversity and taxa with high-latitude affinities increase at Site 277 in two steps in the latest Eocene due to climatic cooling and expansion of cold water masses.
T. Westerhold, U. Röhl, T. Frederichs, S. M. Bohaty, and J. C. Zachos
Clim. Past, 11, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Testing hypotheses for mechanisms and dynamics of past climate change relies on the accuracy of geological dating. Development of a highly accurate geological timescale for the Cenozoic Era has previously been hampered by discrepancies between radioisotopic and astronomical dating methods, as well as a stratigraphic gap in the middle Eocene. We close this gap and provide a fundamental advance in establishing a reliable and highly accurate geological timescale for the last 66 million years.
P. N. Pearson and E. Thomas
Clim. Past, 11, 95–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-95-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-95-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene-to-Eocene thermal maximum was a period of extreme global warming caused by perturbation to the global carbon cycle 56Mya. Evidence from marine sediment cores has been used to suggest that the onset of the event was very rapid, over just 11 years of annually resolved sedimentation. However, we argue that the supposed annual layers are an artifact caused by drilling disturbance, and that the microfossil content of the cores shows the onset took in the order of thousands of years.
Paul N. Pearson, Sam L. Evans, and James Evans
J. Micropalaeontol., 34, 59–64, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2013-032, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2013-032, 2015
P. N. Pearson and W. Hudson
Sci. Dril., 18, 13–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-13-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-13-2014, 2014
C. V. Davis, M. P. S. Badger, P. R. Bown, and D. N. Schmidt
Biogeosciences, 10, 6131–6139, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6131-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6131-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Stratigraphy
Early Triassic conodonts from the Liangshan area, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, South China
Late Pliocene to recent depositional processes on the Sabrina Coast (East Antarctica): the diatom contribution
Bio-sequence stratigraphy of the Neogene: an example from El-Wastani gas field, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt
Astronomical calibration of late middle Eocene radiolarian bioevents from ODP Site 1260 (equatorial Atlantic, Leg 207) and refinement of the global tropical radiolarian biozonation
Liberating microfossils from indurated carbonates: comparison of three disaggregation methods
Dinocyst and acritarch biostratigraphy of the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1307 in the Labrador Sea
Identification of the Paleocene–Eocene boundary in coastal strata in the Otway Basin, Victoria, Australia
Yueli Zhao, Yanlong Chen, Jianqiang Wang, Xinyi Ma, Chunling Xue, Timothy P. Topper, and Zhifei Zhang
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 423–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is a dearth of reliable conodont biostratigraphic data from the Lower Triassic strata in the Liangshan area, Shaanxi (southern China), at the eastern margin of Palaeo-Tethys Ocean. We present a palaeontological stratigraphy investigation of the Zhangkouzi and Chencun sections. Our results provide a reliable biostratigraphy framework for the Permian–Triassic strata in this area.
Raffaella Tolotti, Amy Leventer, Federica Donda, Leanne Armand, Taryn Noble, Phil O'Brien, Xiang Zhao, David Heslop, Alix Post, Roberto Romeo, Andrea Caburlotto, Diego Cotterle, and Nicola Corradi
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 349–382, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New tephra layer and microsiliceous assemblages are identified. Sediment records are contextualized for the Sabrina Coast continental rise chronological and paleoclimatic context. Some in-depth studies on margin instabilities, tephrochronology, and biostratigraphic/paleoenvironmental and sedimentary evolution are suggested. We performed this study to implement knowledge on the Antarctic biochronostratigraphy and microsiliceous sedimentation and benefited from international-level collaboration.
Ramadan M. El-Kahawy, Nabil Aboul-Ela, Ahmed N. El-Barkooky, and Walid G. Kassab
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 147–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this biostratigraphic study of the Middle Miocene–Early Pliocene sequence in the El-Wastani gas field, Egypt, microscopic inspection of the samples enabled the designation of six foraminiferal zones and subzones. Seven stratigraphic sequences have been identified based on the foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil diversity. Depositional sequences and sequence boundaries are recognized by the integration between the seismic data, biostratigraphic zones, and wireline logs (gamma rays).
Mathias Meunier and Taniel Danelian
J. Micropalaeontol., 41, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the biostratigraphic analysis of radiolaria (siliceous zooplankton) from a section of middle Eocene age located in the equatorial Atlantic. Our study allows the refinement of the age of 71 radiolarian bioevents. Based on a comparison with previously reported ages in the equatorial Pacific and northwestern Atlantic, we establish the synchronicity of several bioevents between the two oceans. Some of these synchronous bioevents were used to define seven new subzones.
Charlotte Beasley, Daniel B. Parvaz, Laura Cotton, and Kate Littler
J. Micropalaeontol., 39, 169–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared three methods of breaking apart well-cemented carbonate rocks in order to obtain liberated fossiliferous material. The first two methods are
traditionaland the third is novel to this field. The novel technique (fragmentation using electric pulses, SELFRAG) proved to be the most efficient and effective at liberating microfossil material from surrounding rock. We suggest best practice for using this technique and further materials in which it could prove successful in future.
Aurélie Marcelle Renée Aubry, Stijn De Schepper, and Anne de Vernal
J. Micropalaeontol., 39, 41–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-41-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-41-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We used organic-walled microfossils to better define the Plio–Pleistocene transition (2.56 Ma) that is associated with the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The disappearance of species around 2.75 Ma reflects an ecological response accompanying the Greenland ice sheet growth.
A strong regionalism marks the Labrador Sea and suggests cooler conditions than elsewhere in the North Atlantic, although our zone boundaries are contemporaneous with the eastern North Atlantic.
Joost Frieling, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Charlotte C. M. Rem, Timme H. Donders, Jörg Pross, Steven M. Bohaty, Guy R. Holdgate, Stephen J. Gallagher, Brian McGowran, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 317–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The hothouse climate of the early Paleogene and the associated violent carbon cycle perturbations are of particular interest to understanding current and future global climate change. Using dinoflagellate cysts and stable carbon isotope analyses, we identify several significant events, e.g., the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in sedimentary deposits from the Otway Basin, SE Australia. We anticipate that this study will facilitate detailed climate reconstructions west of the Tasmanian Gateway.
Cited articles
Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Giusberti, L., Grandesso, P., Lanci, L.,
Luciani, V., Muttoni, G., Paelike, H., Rio, D., Spofforth, D. J. A., and
Stefani, C.: Integrated biomagnetostratigraphy of the Alano section (NE
Italy): A proposal for defining the middle-late Eocene boundary, Geol.
Soc. Am. Bull., 123, 841–872, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30158.1, 2011.
Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Raffi, I., Catanzariti, R., Pälike, H.,
Backman, J., and Rio, D.: Biozonation and biochronology of Paleogene
calcareous nannofossils from low and middle latitudes, Newsl.
Stratigr., 47, 131–181, https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2014/0042, 2014.
Arreguín-Rodríguez, G. J., Alegret, L., and Thomas, E.: Late
Paleocene-middle Eocene benthic foraminifera on a Pacific seamount (Allison
Guyot, ODP Site 865): Greenhouse climate and superimposed hyperthermal
events, Paleoceanography, 31, 346–364, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002837, 2016.
Backman, J.: Quantitative calcareous nannofossil biochronology of middle
Eocene through early Oligocene sediment from DSDP Sites 522 and 523,
Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 39, 21–31, 1987.
Backman, J., Raffi, I., Rio, D., Fornaciari, E., and Pälike, H.:
Biozonation and biochronology of Miocene through Pleistocene calcareous
nannofossils from low and middle latitudes, Newsl. Stratigr., 47, 131–181,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2014/0042, 2012.
Berggren, W. A. and Pearson, P. N.: A Revised Tropical to Subtropical
Paleogene Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation, J. Foramin.
Res., 35, 279–298, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.4.279, 2005.
Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V., Swisher III, C. C., and Aubry, M.-P.: A
revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy, in: Geochronology
Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, edited by: Berggren, W. A.,
Kent, D. V., Aubry, M.-P., and Hardenbol, J., SEPM Special Publication, 54,
(SEPM) Society for Sedimentary Geology Tulsa, Oklahoma, 129–212, 1995.
Berggren, W. A., Pearson, P. N., Huber, B. T., and Wade, B. S.: Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy, and Phylogeny of Eocene Acarinina, in: Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera, 1st Edn., edited by: Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K., Huber, B. T., Hemleben, C., and Berggren, W. A., Cushman Foundation Special Publication, 257–326, 2006.
Bijl, P. K., Houben, A. J. P., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sluijs, A.,
Reichart, G.-J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Transient
Middle Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature Variations, Science, 330,
819–821, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193654, 2010.
Bohaty, S. M. and Zachos, J. C.: Significant Southern Ocean warming event
in the late middle Eocene, Geology, 31, 1017–1020, https://doi.org/10.1130/G19800.1, 2003.
Bohaty, S. M., Zachos, J. C., Florindo, F., and Delaney, M. L.: Coupled
greenhouse warming and deep-sea acidification in the middle Eocene,
Paleoceanography, 24, PA2207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001676, 2009.
Boscolo Galazzo, F., Thomas, E., Pagani, M., Warren, C., Luciani, V., and
Giusberti, L.: The middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO): A multiproxy
record of paleoceanographic changes in the southeast Atlantic (ODP Site
1263, Walvis Ridge), Paleoceanography, 29, 1143–1161, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002670, 2014.
Boscolo Galazzo, F., Thomas, E., and Giusberti, L.: Benthic foraminiferal
response to the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in the South-Eastern
Atlantic (ODP Site 1263), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,
417, 432–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.004,
2015.
Boulila, S., Vahlenkamp, M., De Vleeschouwer, D., Laskar, J., Yamamoto, Y.,
Pälike, H., Kirtland Turner, S., Sexton, P., Westerhold, T., and
Röhl, U.: Towards a robust and consistent middle Eocene astronomical
timescale, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 486, 94–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.01.003, 2018.
Bown, P.: Palaeogene calcareous nannofossils from the Kilwa and Lindi areas
of coastal Tanzania (Tanzania Drilling Project Sites 1 to 10, 2003-4),
Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 27, 21–95, 2005.
Bown, P. and Young, J. R.: Techniques, in: Calcareous Nannofossil
Biostratigraphy, edited by: Bown, P., British Micropalaeontological Society
Series, Chapman and Hall/Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 18–28, 1998.
Bralower, T. J. and Mutterlose, J.: Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy
of Site 865, Allison Guyot, central Pacific Ocean: A tropical Paleogene
reference section, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific
Results, edited by: Winterer, E. L., Sager, W. W., Firth, J. V., and Sinton,
J. M., Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, 31–74, 1995.
Bralower, T. J., Zachos, J. C., Thomas, E., Parrow, M., Paull, C. K., Kelly,
D. C., Silva, I. P., Sliter, W. V., and Lohmann, K. C.: Late Paleocene to
Eocene paleoceanography of the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Stable isotopes
recorded at Ocean Drilling Program Site 865, Allison Guyot,
Paleoceanography, 10, 841–865, https://doi.org/10.1029/95PA01143, 1995.
Coxall, H. K. and Pearson, P. N.: Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny
of the Hantkeninidae (Clavigerinella, Hantkenina, and Cribrohantkenina), Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal
Research Special Publication, 41, 213–256, 2006.
Coxall, H. K., Pearson, P. N., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall, M. A.:
Hantkeninid depth adaptation: An evolving life strategy in a changing ocean,
Geology, 28, 87–90, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<87:HDAAEL>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Coxall, H. K., Wilson, P. A., Pearson, P. N., and Sexton, P. F.: Iterative
evolution of digitate planktonic foraminifera, Paleobiology, 33, 495–516,
https://doi.org/10.1666/06034.1, 2007.
Cramwinckel, M. J., Huber, M., Kocken, I. J., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K.,
Bohaty, S. M., Frieling, J., Goldner, A., Hilgen, F. J., Kip, E. L.,
Peterse, F., van der Ploeg, R., Röhl, U., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.:
Synchronous tropical and polar temperature evolution in the Eocene, Nature,
559, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0272-2, 2018.
Cramwinckel, M. J., van der Ploeg, R., Bijl, P. K., Peterse, F., Bohaty, S.,
Röhl, U., Schouten, S., Middleburg, J., and Sluijs, A.: Harmful algae
and export production collapse in the equatorial Atlantic during the zenith
of Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum warmth, Geology, 47, 247–250, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45614.1, 2019.
Dawber, C. F. and Tripati, A. K.: Constraints on glaciation in the middle
Eocene (46–37 Ma) from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1209 in the
tropical Pacific Ocean, Paleoceanography, 26, PA2208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002037, 2011.
Dawber, C. F., Tripati, A. K., Gale, A. S., MacNiocaill, C., and Hesselbo,
S. P.: Glacioeustasy during the middle Eocene? Insights from the
stratigraphy of the Hampshire Basin, UK, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 300, 84–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.12.012, 2011.
Dutton, A., Lohmann, K. C., and Leckie, R. M.: Insights from the Paleogene
tropical Pacific: Foraminiferal stable isotope and elemental results from
Site 1209, Shatsky Rise, Paleoceanography, 20, PA3004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001098, 2005.
Edgar, K. M., Wilson, P. A., Sexton, P. F., and Suganuma, Y.: No extreme
bipolar glaciation during the main Eocene calcite compensation shift,
Nature, 448, 908–911, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06053,
2007.
Edgar, K. M., Wilson, P. A., Sexton, P. F., Gibbs, S. J., Roberts, A. P.,
and Norris, R. D.: New biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic and isotopic
insights into the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum in low latitudes,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 297, 670–682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.016, 2010.
Edgar, K. M., Bohaty, S. M., Gibbs, S. J., Sexton, P. F., Norris, R. D., and
Wilson, P. A.: Symbiont “bleaching” in planktic foraminifera during the
Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, Geology, 41, 15–18, https://doi.org/10.1130/G33388.1, 2013.
Edgar, K. M., Anagnostou, E., Pearson, P. N., and Foster, G. L.: Assessing
the impact of diagenesis on δ11B, δ13C, δ18O, Sr∕Ca and B∕Ca values in fossil planktic foraminiferal calcite,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 166, 189–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.018, 2015.
Edgar, K. M., Bohaty, S. M., Coxall, H., Bown, P. R., Batenburg, S. J., Lear, C. H., and Pearson, P. N.: New composite bio- and isotope stratigraphies spanning the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum at tropical ODP Site 143-865 in the Pacific Ocean, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.920115, 2020.
Expedition 320/321 Scientists: Site U1333, in: Proceedings of the Integrated
Ocean Drilling Program, edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H.,
Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and Expedition 320/321 Scientists,
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo,
2010.
Fioroni, C., Villa, G., Persico, D., Wise, S. W., and Pea, L.: Revised
middle Eocene-upper Oligocene calcareous nannofossil biozonation for the
Southern Ocean, Revue de Micropaléontologie, 55, 53–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2012.03.001, 2012.
Firth, J. V., Eldrett, J. S., Harding, I. C., Coxall, H. K., and Wade, B.
S.: Integrated biomagnetochronology for the Palaeogene of ODP Hole 647A:
implications for correlating palaeoceanographic events from high to low
latitudes, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 373, 29, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP373.9, 2012.
Fornaciari, E., Agnini, C., Catanzariti, R., Rio, D., Bolla, E. M., and
Valvasoni, E.: Mid-latitude calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and
biochronology across the middle to late Eocene transition, Stratigraphy, 7,
229–264, 2010.
Genin, A., Noble, M., and Lonsdale, P. F.: Tidal currents and anticyclonic
motions on two North Pacific seamounts, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 36, 1803–1815, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90113-1, 1989.
Giorgioni, M., Jovane, L., Rego, E. S., Rodelli, D., Frontalini, F.,
Coccioni, R., Catanzariti, R., and Özcan, E.: Carbon cycle instability
and orbital forcing during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 9357, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45763-2, 2019.
Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G.: The Geologic Time
Scale 2012, 2-Volume Set, Elsevier, Boston, USA, 2012.
Henehan, M. J., Edgar, K. M., Foster, G. L., Penman, D. E., Hull, P. M.,
Greenop, R., Anagnostou, E., and Pearson, P. N.: Revisiting the Middle
Eocene Climatic Optimum “Carbon Cycle Conundrum” with new estimates of
atmospheric pCO2 from boron isotopes, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology,
35, e2019PA003713, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019pa003713, 2020.
Holbourn, A., Henderson, A. S., and MacLeod, N.: Atlas of Benthic
Foraminifera, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 2013.
Hollis, C. J., Dunkley Jones, T., Anagnostou, E., Bijl, P. K., Cramwinckel, M. J., Cui, Y., Dickens, G. R., Edgar, K. M., Eley, Y., Evans, D., Foster, G. L., Frieling, J., Inglis, G. N., Kennedy, E. M., Kozdon, R., Lauretano, V., Lear, C. H., Littler, K., Lourens, L., Meckler, A. N., Naafs, B. D. A., Pälike, H., Pancost, R. D., Pearson, P. N., Röhl, U., Royer, D. L., Salzmann, U., Schubert, B. A., Seebeck, H., Sluijs, A., Speijer, R. P., Stassen, P., Tierney, J., Tripati, A., Wade, B., Westerhold, T., Witkowski, C., Zachos, J. C., Zhang, Y. G., Huber, M., and Lunt, D. J.: The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: methodologies for selection, compilation and analysis of latest Paleocene and early Eocene climate proxy data, incorporating version 0.1 of the DeepMIP database, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019.
Jovane, L., Florindo, F., Coccioni, R., Dinarès-Turell, J., Marsili, A.,
Monechi, S., Roberts, A. P., and Sprovieri, M.: The middle Eocene climatic
optimum event in the Contessa Highway section, Umbrian Apennines, Italy,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 413–427, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25917.1, 2007.
Jovane, L., Sprovieri, M., Coccioni, R., Florindo, F., Marsili, A., and
Laskar, J.: Astronomical calibration of the middle Eocene Contessa Highway
section (Gubbio, Italy), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 298, 77–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.027, 2010.
Kelly, C. D., Bralower, T. J., Zachos, J. C., Silva, I. P., and Thomas, E.:
Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific
(ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene thermal maximum, Geology, 24,
423–426, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0423:RDOPFI>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Kelly, D. C., Bralower, T. J., and Zachos, J. C.: Evolutionary consequences
of the latest Paleocene thermal maximum for tropical planktonic
foraminifera, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 141,
139–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00017-0, 1998.
Kozdon, R., Kelly, D. C., Kita, N. T., Fournelle, J. H., and Valley, J. W.:
Planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope analysis by ion microprobe technique
suggests warm tropical sea surface temperatures during the Early Paleogene,
Paleoceanography, 26, PA3206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002056, 2011.
Kozdon, R., Kelly, D. C., Kitajima, K., Strickland, A., Fournelle, J. H.,
and Valley, J. W.: In situ δ18O and Mg∕Ca analyses of
diagenetic and planktic foraminiferal calcite preserved in a deep-sea record
of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Paleoceanography, 28, 517–528,
https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20048, 2013.
Larrasoaña, J. C., Gonzalvo, C., Molina, E., Monechi, S., Ortiz, S.,
Tori, F., and Tosquella, J.: Integrated magnetobiochronology of the
Early/Middle Eocene transition at Agost (Spain): Implications for defining
the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary stratotype, Lethaia, 41, 395–415, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00096.x, 2008.
Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., Delise, J.-B., Farrés, A., and Fienga, A.:
Strong chaos induced by close encounters with Ceres and Vesta, Astron.
Astrophys., 532, L4, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117504,
2011.
Luciani, V., Giusberti, L., Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Rio, D., Spofforth,
D. J. A., and Pälike, H.: Ecological and evolutionary response of
Tethyan planktonic foraminifera to the middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO)
from the Alano section (NE Italy), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 292, 82–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.029, 2010.
Maiklem, W. R.: Black and brown speckled foraminiferal sand from the southern part of the great barrier reef, J. Sediment. Petrol., 27, 1023–1030, 1967.
Martini, E.: Standard Tertiary calcareous nannoplankton zonation, in:
Proceedings of the II Plankton Conference Roma, edited by: Farninacci, A.,
Tecnoscienza, Rome, 1971.
Matthews, J. L., Heezen, B. C., Catalano, R., Coogan, A., Tharp, M.,
Natland, J., and Rawson, M.: Cretaceous Drowning of Reefs on Mid-Pacific and
Japanese Guyots, Science, 184, 462–464, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4135.462, 1974.
Meyers, S. R.: Astrochron: An R Package for Astrochronology, available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=astrochron (last access: 9 July 2020), 2014.
Mita, I.: Data Report: Early to late Eocene calcareous nannofossil
assemblages of Sites 1051 and 1052, Blake Nose, North western Atlantic
Ocean, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Reports,
edited by: Kroon, D., Norris, R. D., and Klaus, A., Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, Texas, 1–28, 2001.
Möbius, I., Friedrich, O., Edgar, K. M., and Sexton, P. F.: Episodes of
intensified biological productivity in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean during
the termination of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, Paleoceanography, 30,
1041–1058, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002673, 2015.
Norris, R. and Nishi, H.: Evolutionary trends in coiling of tropical
Paleogene planktic foraminifera, Paleobiology, 27, 327–347, https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0327:ETICOT>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Olsson, R. K., Pearson, P. N., and Huber, B. T.: Taxonomy, biostratigraphy
and phylogeny of Eocene Catapsydrax, Globorotaloides, Guembelitrioides, Paragloborotalia, Parasubbotina, and Pseudoglobigerinella n. gen., in: Atlas of Eocene
Planktonic Foraminifera, 1st Edn., edited by: Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K.,
Huber, B. T., Hemleben, C., Berggren, W. A., and Coxall, H. K., Cushman
Foundation Special Publication, Cushman Foundation, Fredericksburg, USA,
67–110, 2006.
Paillard, D., Labeyrie, L., and Yiou, P.: Macintosh Program performs
time-series analysis, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 77,
379–379, https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00259, 1996.
Pälike, H., Lyle, M. W., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Ridgwell, A., Gamage, K.,
Klaus, A., Acton, G., Anderson, L., Backman, J., Baldauf, J., Beltran, C.,
Bohaty, S. M., Bown, P., Busch, W., Channell, J. E. T., Chun, C. O. J.,
Delaney, M., Dewangan, P., Jones, T. D., Edgar, K. M., Evans, H., Fitch, P.,
Foster, G. L., Gussone, N., Hasegawa, H., Hathorne, E. C., Hayashi, H.,
Herrle, J. O., Holbourn, A., Hovan, S., Hyeong, K., Iijima, K., Ito, T.,
Kamikuri, S., Kimoto, K., Kuroda, J., Leon-Rodriguez, L., Malinverno, A.,
Moore, T. C., Murphy, B. H., Murphy, D. P., Nakamura, H., Ogane, K.,
Ohneiser, C., Richter, C., Robinson, R., Rohling, E. J., Romero, O., Sawada,
K., Scher, H., Schneider, L., Sluijs, A., Takata, H., Tian, J., Tsujimoto,
A., Wade, B. S., Westerhold, T., Wilkens, R., Williams, T., Wilson, P. A.,
Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, S., Yamazaki, T., and Zeebe, R. E.: A Cenozoic
record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth, Nature, 488,
609–614, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11360, 2012.
Pearson, P. N.: Planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy and the development
of pelagic caps on guyots in the Marshall Islands group, in: Proceedings of
the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Haggerty, J. A.,
Premoli Silva, I., Rack, F., and McNutt, M. K., Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, Texas, 21–59, 1995.
Pearson, P. N. and Ezard, T. H. G.: Evolution and speciation in the Eocene
planktonic foraminifer Turborotalia, Paleobiology, 40, 130–143, https://doi.org/10.1666/13004, 2014.
Pearson, P. N. and Palmer, M. R.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
over the past 60 million years, Nature, 406, 695–699, https://doi.org/10.1038/35021000, 2000.
Pearson, P. N., Ditchfield, P. W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K. G.,
Nicholas, C. J., Olsson, R. K., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall, M. A.: Warm
tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs,
Nature, 413, 481–487, https://doi.org/10.1038/35097000, 2001.
Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K., Huber, B. T., Hemleben, C., Berggren, W. A.,
and Coxall, H. K.: Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera, Cushman
Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication, Cushman
Foundation, Fredericksburg, USA, 513 pp., 2006.
Peterson, L. C. and Backman, J.: Late Cenozoic carbonate accumulation and
the history of the carbonate compensation depth in the eastern equatorial
Indian Ocean, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific
Results, edited by: Duncan, R. A., Backman, J., and Peterson, L. C., Ocean
Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, 467–507, 1990.
Pilkey, O. H., Blackwelder, B. W., Doyle, L. J., Estes, E., and Terlecky, M.: Aspects of carbonate sedimentation on the Atlantic continental shelf of the southern United States, J. Sediment. Petrol., 39, 744–768, 1969.
Premoli Silva, I., Haggerty, J., Rack, F., and Shipboard Scientific Party:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, Ocean Drilling
Program, College Station, Texas, 1993.
Premoli Silva, I., Wade, B. S., and Pearson, P. N.: Taxonomy,
Biostratigraphy, and Phylogeny of Globigerinatheka and Orbulinoides, in: Atlas of Eocene Planktonic
Foraminifera, 1st Edn., edited by: Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K., Huber, B. T.,
Hemleben, C., and Berggren, W. A., Cushman Foundation Special Publication,
169–212, 2006.
Rivero-Cuesta, L., Westerhold, T., Agnini, C., Dallanave, E., Wilkens, R.
H., and Alegret, L.: Paleoenvironmental Changes at ODP Site 702 (South
Atlantic): Anatomy of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, Paleoceanography
and Paleoclimatology, 34, 2047–2066, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003806, 2019.
Röhl, U. and Abrams, L. J.: High resolution, downhole, and
nondestructive core measurements from sites 999 and 1001 in the Caribbean
Sea: Application to the late Paleocene thermal maximum, in: Proceedings of
the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Leckie, R. M.,
Sigurdsson, H., Acton, G. D., and Draper, G., Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, Texas, 191–203, 2000.
Savian, J., Jovane, L., Trindade, R., Frontalini, F., Coccioni, R., Bohaty,
S., Wilson, P., Florindo, F., and Roberts, A.: Middle Eocene Climatic
Optimum (MECO) in the Monte Cagenero section, central Italy, Latinmag
Letters, 3, PC02, 2013.
Savian, J. F., Jovane, L., Giorgioni, M., Iacoviello, F., Rodelli, D.,
Roberts, A. P., Chang, L., Florindo, F., and Sprovieri, M.: Environmental
magnetic implications of magnetofossil occurrence during the Middle Eocene
Climatic Optimum (MECO) in pelagic sediments from the equatorial Indian
Ocean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 441,
212–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.029, 2016.
Schulz, M. and Mudelsee, M.: REDFIT: estimating red-noise spectra directly
from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series, Comput. Geosci.,
28, 421–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00044-9,
2002.
Sexton, P. F., Wilson, P. A., and Pearson, P. N.: Microstructural and
geochemical perspectives on planktic foraminiferal preservation: “Glassy”
versus “Frosty”, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 7, Q12P19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001291, 2006.
Sexton, P. F., Norris, R. D., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Westerhold, T.,
Röhl, U., Bolton, C. T., and Gibbs, S.: Eocene global warming events
driven by ventilation of oceanic dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 471,
349–352, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09826, 2011.
Shamrock, J. L.: A new calcareous nannofossil species of the genus
Sphenolithus from the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) and its biostratigraphic significance,
Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 31, 5–10, 2010.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 647, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling
Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Srivastava, S. P., Arthur, M. A.,
Clement, B., and Shipboard Scientific Party, Ocean Drilling Program, College
Station, Texas, 1987.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Synthesis of results, in: Proceedings of the
Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Sager, W. W., Winterer,
E. L., Firth, J. V., and Shipboard Scientific Party, Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, Texas, 1993a.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 865, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling
Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Sager, W. W., Winterer, E. L., Firth,
J. V., and Shipboard Scientific Party, Ocean Drilling Program, College
Station, Texas, 111–180, 1993b.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1051, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling
Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Norris, R. D., Kroon, D., Klaus, A.,
and Shipboard Scientific Party, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station,
Texas, 171–240, 1998.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1209, in: Proceedings Ocean Drilling
Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Bralower, T. J., Premoli-Silva, I.,
Malone, M. J., and Shipboard Scientific Party, Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, Texas, 1–102, 2002.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1260, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling
Program, Initial Reports, edited by: Erbacher, J., Mosher, D. C., Malone, M.
J., and Shipboard Scientific Party, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station,
Texas, 1–113, 2004.
Sluijs, A., Zeebe, R. E., Bijl, P. K., and Bohaty, S. M.: A middle Eocene
carbon cycle conundrum, Nat. Geosci., 6, 429, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1807, 2013.
Spofforth, D. J. A., Agnini, C., Pälike, H., Rio, D., Fornaciari, E.,
Giusberti, L., Luciani, V., Lanci, L., and Muttoni, G.: Organic carbon
burial following the middle Eocene climatic optimum in the central western
Tethys, Paleoceanography, 25, PA3210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001738, 2010.
Toffanin, F., Agnini, C., Rio, D., Acton, G., and Westerhold, T.: Middle
Eocene to early Oligocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy at IODP
Site U1333 (equatorial Pacific), Micropaleontology, 59, 69–82, 2013.
Tori, F. and Monechi, S.: Lutetian calcareous nannofossil events in the
Agost section (Spain): implications toward a revision of the Middle Eocene
biomagnetostratigraphy, Lethaia, 46, 293–307, https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12008, 2013.
Tripati, A. K. and Elderfield, H.: Abrupt hydrographic changes in the
equatorial Pacific and subtropical Atlantic from foraminiferal Mg∕Ca
indicate greenhouse origin for the thermal maximum at the Paleocene-Eocene
Boundary, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 5, Q02006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000631, 2004.
Tripati, A. K., Delaney, M. L., Zachos, J. C., Anderson, L. D., Kelly, D.
C., and Elderfield, H.: Tropical sea–surface temperature reconstruction for
the early Paleogene using Mg∕Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera,
Paleoceanography, 18, 1101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000937, 2003.
van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., de Groot, L. V., van Schaik, J., Spakman, W.,
Bijl, P. K., Sluijs, A., Langereis, C. G., and Brinkhuis, H.: A
Paleolatitude Calculator for Paleoclimate Studies, PLoS ONE, 10, e0126946, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126946, 2015.
Villa, G., Fioroni, C., Pea, L., Bohaty, S., and Persico, D.: Middle
Eocene–late Oligocene climate variability: Calcareous nannofossil response
at Kerguelen Plateau, Site 748, Mar Micropaleontol, 69, 173–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.07.006, 2008.
Wade, B. S., Pearson, P. N., Berggren, W. A., and Pälike, H.: Review and
revision of Cenozoic tropical planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and
calibration to the geomagnetic polarity and astronomical time scale,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 104, 111–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.09.003, 2011.
Watkins, D. K., Pearson, P. N., Erba, E., Rack, F., Premoli Silva, I.,
Bohrmann, H. W., Fenner, J., and Hobbs, P. N.: Stratigraphy and Sediment
Accumulation Patterns of the Upper Cenozoic Pelagic Carbonate Caps of Guyots
in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling
Program Scientific Reports, edited by: Haggerty, J., Premoli Silva, I.,
Rack, F., and McNutt, M. K., Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX,
1995.
Westerhold, T. and Röhl, U.: Orbital pacing of Eocene climate during
the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum and the chron C19r event: Missing link
found in the tropical western Atlantic, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 14, 4811–4825, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20293,
2013.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Pälike, H., Wilkens, R., Wilson, P. A., and Acton, G.: Orbitally tuned timescale and astronomical forcing in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene, Clim. Past, 10, 955–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-955-2014, 2014.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Frederichs, T., Bohaty, S. M., and Zachos, J. C.: Astronomical calibration of the geological timescale: closing the middle Eocene gap, Clim. Past, 11, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, 2015.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Donner, B., Frederichs, T., Kordesch, W. E.
C., Bohaty, S. M., Hodell, D. A., Laskar, J., and Zeebe, R. E.: Late
Lutetian Thermal Maximum – Crossing a Thermal Threshold in Earth's Climate
System?, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 19, 73–82, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007240, 2018a.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Donner, B., and Zachos, J. C.: Global Extent
of Early Eocene Hyperthermal Events: A New Pacific Benthic Foraminiferal
Isotope Record From Shatsky Rise (ODP Site 1209), Paleoceanography and
Paleoclimatology, 33, 626–642, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017pa003306, 2018b.
Witkowski, J., Bohaty, S. M., Edgar, K. M., and Harwood, D. M.: Rapid
fluctuations in mid-latitude siliceous plankton production during the Middle
Eocene Climatic Optimum (ODP Site 1051, western North Atlantic), Mar.
Micropaleontol., 106, 110–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.01.001, 2014.
Young, J. R., Bown, P. R., and Lees, J. A.: Nannotax3 website, International Nannoplankton Association, available at: http://www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3 (last access: 21 September 2019), 2017.
Zachos, J. C., Dickens, G. R., and Zeebe, R. E.: An early Cenozoic
perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451,
279–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06588, 2008.
Short summary
We identify the first continuous carbonate-bearing sediment record from the tropical ocean that spans the entirety of the global warming event, the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, ca. 40 Ma. We determine significant mismatches between middle Eocene calcareous microfossil datums from the tropical Pacific Ocean and established low-latitude zonation schemes. We highlight the potential of ODP Site 865 for future investigations into environmental and biotic changes throughout the early Paleogene.
We identify the first continuous carbonate-bearing sediment record from the tropical ocean that...
