Articles | Volume 32, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2012-001
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2012-001
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
01 Jan 2013
| 01 Jan 2013
Pennsylvanian (mid-Bolsovian to Asturian) megaspores and large pollen of the Bristol Coalfield, UK
Janine L. Pendleton
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Charles H. Wellman
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Cited articles
E. A. N., Arber: On the fossil flora of the Forest of Dean Coalfield (Gloucestershire), and the relationships of the coalfields of the west of England and South Wales, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 84, 545-545, 1912.
C. A., Arnold: Re-examination of Triletes superbus, T. rotatus and T. mamillarius of Bartlett, Brittonia, 13, 245-252, 1961.
B. E., Balme: Fossil in situ spores and pollen grains: An annotated catalogue, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 87, 81-323, 1995.
R. M., Bateman and W. A., DiMichele: Heterospory: The most iterative key innovation in the evolution of plants, Biological Reviews, 69, 345-417, 1994.
J., Bek and R. L., Leary: Porostrobus nathorstii (Leary & Mickle) emend. and its spores from the Namurian of Illinois, USA, Bulletin of Geosciences, 87, 45-52, 2012.
J., Bek, S., Opluštil and J., Drábková: Two species of Selaginella cones and their spores from the Bohemian Carboniferous continental basins of the Czech Republic, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 114, 57-81, 2001.
J., Bek, M., Libertín and J., Drábková: Selaginella labutae sp. nov., a new compression herbaceous lycopsid and its spores from the Kladno–Rakovník Basin, Bolsovian of the Czech Republic, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 155, 101-115, 2009.
P., Bertier, R., Swennen, D., Lagrou, B., Laenen and R., Kemps: Palaeo-climate controlled diagenesis of the Westphalian C & D fluvial sandstones in the Campine basin (north-east Belgium), Sedimentology, 55, 1375-1417, 2008.
B. M., Besly and C. R., Fielding: Palaeosols in Westphalian coal-bearing and red-bed sequences, central and northern England, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 70, 303-330, 1989.
B. M., Besly and P., Turner: Origin of red beds in a moist tropical climate (Etruria Formation, Upper Carboniferous, UK)In : (Ed.), Residual depositsGeological Society, London, Special Publications, 11: 131–147., 1983.
D. C., Bharadwaj: The palynological investigations of the Saar coals, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 101, 73-125, 1957a.
D. C., Bharadwaj: The spore flora of the Velener Schichten (Lower Westphalian D) in the Ruhr Measures, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 102, 110-138, 1957b.
D. C., Bharadwaj and G., Kremp: Die Sporenführung der Velener Schichten des Ruhrkarbons, Geologisches Jahrbuch, 71, 51-68, 1955.
T., Bocheński: Über Sporophyllstände (Blüten) einiger Lepidophyten aus dem produktiven Karbon Polens, Annales de la Société géologique de Pologne, 12, 193-240, 1936.
H., Bode: Über eine merkwürdige Pteridophytenfruktifikation aus dem oberschlesischen Carbon, Jahrbuch der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 49, 245-247, 1928.
S. D., Brack-Hanes and B. A., Thomas: A re-examination of Lepidostrobus Brongniart, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 125-133, 1983.
W. G., Chaloner: On the megaspores of four species of Lepidostrobus, Annals of Botany, 17, 264-273, 1953.
W. G., Chaloner: Species of Lepidostrobus containing unusual Spores, Geological Magazine, 90, 97-110, 1953.
W. G., Chaloner: On the megaspores of Sigillaria, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5, 572-582, 1953.
W. G., Chaloner: Notes on the spores of two British Carboniferous lycopods, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12, 81-91, 1954.
W. G., Chaloner: On Sporangiostrobus langfordi sp. nov., a new fossil lycopod cone from Illinois, The American Midland Naturalist, 55, 437-444, 1956.
G., Clayton, R., Coquel and J., Doubinger: Carboniferous miospores of Western Europe: Illustration and zonation, Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, 29, 1-71, 1977.
C. J., Cleal: Fossil plants of the Severn Coalfield and their biostratigraphical significance, Geological Magazine, 123, 553-568, 1986.
C. J., Cleal: Macrofloral biostratigraphy of the Newent Coalfield, Gloucestershire, Geological Journal, 22, 207-217, 1987.
C. J., Cleal: The age of the base of the Forest of Dean Coal Measures: Fact and fancy, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 102, 261-264, 1991.
C. J., Cleal: The palaeobotany of the upper Westphalian and Stephanian of southern Britain and its geological significance, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 95, 227-253, 1997.
C. J., Cleal: The Westphalian–Stephanian macrofloral record from the South Wales Coalfield, UK, Geological Magazine, 144, 465-486, 2007.
C. J., Cleal and B. A., Thomas: British Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy, Geological Conservation Review SeriesChapman & Hall, London, 356pp., 1996.
C. F., Cottnam, A. R., Hemsley, R., Rossler, M. E., Collinson and A. P. R., Brain: Diversity of exine structure in Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) selaginellalean megaspores, Review Palaeobotany and Palynology, 109, 33-44, 2000.
R. A., Couper and H., Grebe: A recommended terminology and descriptive method for sporesCompte Rendus, III, Reunion de la Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paleozoique, Krefeld, May 11–13, , Report of Group No., 16, 1–15., 1961.
R., Crookall: On the Fossil Flora of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield I, Geological Magazine, 62, 145-180, 1925.
R., Crookall: On the Fossil Flora of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield II, Geological Magazine, 62, 385-408, 1925.
R. L., Dennis and D. A., Eggert: Parasporotheca, gen. nov., and its bearing on the interpretation of the morphology of permineralized Medullosan pollen organs, Botanical Gazette, 139, 117-139, 1978.
S. J., Dijkstra: Eine monographische Bearbeitung der Karbonischen Megasporen, Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting, Nieuwe Serie, 3, 1-101, 1946.
W. A., DiMichele and T. L., Phillips: Paleobotanical and palaeoecological constraints on models of peat formation in the Late Carboniferous of Euramerica, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 106, 9-90, 1994.
W. A., DiMichele, T. L., Phillips and H. W., Pfefferkorn: Paleoecology of Late Paleozoic pteridosperms from tropical Euramerica, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 133, 83-118, 2006.
T., Dimitrova, C. J., Cleal and B. A., Thomas: Palynology of late Westphalian–early Stephanian coal-bearing deposits in the eastern South Wales Coalfield, Geological Magazine, 142, 809-821, 2005.
E., Dix: The succession of floras in the Upper Carboniferous, with special reference to South Wales, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 57, 789-838, 1934.
H. J., Falcon-Lang, M. J., Benton, S. J., Braddy and S. J., Davies: The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 561-576, 2006.
H. J., Falcon-Lang, J. L., Pendleton and C. H., Wellman: Dryland plant communities in the Pennsylvanian (mid- to late Bolsovian) Winterbourne Formation of Bristol, southern Britain: Further evidence for taphonomic megabias, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 166, 268-285, 2011.
H. J., Falcon-Lang, C. J., Cleal, J. L., Pendleton and C. H., Wellman: Permineralised plant assemblages from the Pennsylvanian (late Bolsovian–Asturian) Pennant Sandstone Formation of southern Britain: Systematics and palaeoecology, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 173, 23-45, 2012.
R. A., Gastaldo, H. W., Pfefferkorn and W. A., DiMichele: Taphonomic and sedimentologic characterization of roof-shale florasIn : (Eds), Historical perspective of early twentieth century Carboniferous paleobotany in North AmericaGeological Society of America Memoir, 185: 341–351., 1995.
I. J., Glasspool, A. R., Hemsley, A. C., Scott and A., Golitsyn: Ultrastructure and affinity of Lower Carboniferous megaspores from the Moscow Basin, Russia, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 109, 1-31, 2000.
B. W., Glover, J. H., Powell and C. N., Waters: Etruria Formation (Westphalian C) palaeoenvironments and volcanicity on the southern margins of the Pennine Basin. South Staffordshire, England, 150, 737-750, 1993.
G. W., Green and F. B. A., Welch: Geology of the Country Around Wells and CheddarMemoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, HMSO, London, 225pp., 1965.
A. R., Hemsley and A. C., Scott: Ultrastructure and Relationships of Upper Carboniferous Spores from Thorpe-Brickworks, West Yorkshire, UK, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 69, 337-351, 1991.
U., Horst: Die sporae dispersae des Namurs von Westoberschlesien und Mährisch-Ostrau, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 98, 137-236, 1955.
J. C., Hower, J. H., Calder, C. F., Eble, A. C., Scott, J. D., Robertson and L. J., Blanchard: Metalliferous coals of the Westphalian A Joggins Formation, Cumberland Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada: Petrology, geochemistry and palynology, International Journal of Coal Geology, 42, 185-206, 2000.
A. C., Ibrahim: Sporenformen des Aegirhorizonts des Ruhr-ReviersKonrad Triltsch, Würzburg, 47pp., 1933.
P. C., Jones: Quartzarenite and litharenite facies in the fluvial foreland deposits of the Trenchard Group (Westphalian), Forest of Dean, England, Sedimentary Geology, 8, 177-198, 1972.
G. A., Kellaway and F. B. A., Welch: Geology of the Bristol District: Memoir for 1:63,360 Geological Sheet (England and Wales)HMSO, London, 211pp., 1993.
R. L., Leary and J. E., Mickle: Porostrobus nathorstii sp. nov.: A New Species of Lycopsid Cone from the Early Pennsylvanian of Illinois, American Journal of Botany, 76, 1638-1545, 1989.
S., Loboziak: The micro and megaspores of the western part of the northern Coal Basin of France, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 132, 1-127, 1971.
S., Loboziak: Contribution a la connaissance du Westphalien inferieur, les mégaspores de la bowette Sud á 248 de la fosse St. Mark de l’unite de production de Valenciennes des H.B.N.P.C, Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 92, 41-49, 1972.
S., Loboziak and R., Coquel: The micro and megaspores of the Faisceau de Dusouich in the Groupe de Lens, (H.B.N.P.C, Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 88, 135-145, 1968.
B., Meyer-Berthaud and G., Galtier: Studies on a Lower Carboniferous flora from Kingswood near Pettycur, Scotland: II. Phacelotheca, a new synangiate fructification of pteridospermous affinities, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 48, 181-198, 1986.
M. A., Millay and T. N., Taylor: Morphological studies of Paleozoic saccate pollen, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 147, 75-99, 1974.
M. A., Millay and T. N., Taylor: Evolutionary trends in fossil gymnosperm pollen, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 21, 65-91, 1976.
M. A., Millay, D. A., Eggert and R. L., Dennis: Morphology and ultrastructure of four Pennsylvanian prepollen types, Micropaleontology, 24, 303-315, 1978.
L. R., Moore and A. E., Trueman: The Coal Measures of Bristol and Somerset, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 93, 195-240, 1937.
S., Opluštil and C. J., Cleal: A comparative analysis of some Late Carboniferous basins of Variscan Europe, Geological Magazine, 3, 417-448, 2007.
J. M., Osborn and T. N., Taylor: Comparative ultrastructure of fossil gymnosperm pollen and its phylogenetic implicationsIn : (Eds), Ultrastructure of Fossil Spores and Pollen: Its Bearing on Relationships Among Living and Fossil GroupsRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 99–121., 1994.
H. J. M., Pagnier and P. C. H., Van Tongeren: Upper Carboniferous of borehole ‘De Lutte–6’ and evaluation of the Tubbergen Formation in the eastern and southern parts of the Netherlands, Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, 55, 3-30, 1996.
J. L., Pendleton, C. J., Cleal, H. J., Falcon-Lang, R. H., Wagner and C. H., Wellman: Palaeobotany of the Pennsylvanian (mid-Bolsovian–Cantabrian; Moscovian) Warwickshire Group of the Bristol Coalfield, U.K.: biostratigraphy and paleoecology, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 179, 17-43, 2012.
P., Piérart: Megaspores of the French Stephanian, Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting, 17, 27-30, 1965.
T. J., Pierce, D., Wray, K., Ratcliffe, D. K., Wright and A., Moscariello: Chemostratigraphy of the Upper Carboniferous Schooner Formation, southern North SeaIn : (Eds), Carboniferous Hydrocarbon Resources: The Southern North Sea and Surrounding Onshore AreasYorkshire Geological Society Occasional Publication Series, 7: 147–164., 2005.
K. B., Pigg: The morphology and reproductive biology of the sigillarian cone, Mazocarpon. Botanical Gazette, 144, 600-613, 1983.
K. B., Pigg and G. W., Rothwell: Chaloneria gen. nov. heterosporous lycophytes from the Pennsylvanian of North America, Botanical Gazette, 144, 132-147, 1983.
R., Potonié: Versuch der Einordnung der fossilen Sporae dispersae in das phylogenetische System der PflanzenfamilienPt 1Thallophyta bis GnetalesForschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein–Westfalen, 1761: 1–310., 1967.
R., Potonié and G., Kremp: Die Gattungen der paläozoischen Sporae dispersae und ihre Stratigraphie, Geologisches Jahrbuch, 69, 111-194, 1954.
R., Potonié and G., Kremp: Die sporae dispersae des Ruhrkarbons, ihre Morphographie und Stratigraphie mit Ausblicken auf Arten anderer Gebeite und Zeitabschnitte: Teil I, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 98, 1-136, 1955.
R., Potonié and G., Kremp: Die sporae dispersae des Ruhrkarbons, ihre Morphographie und Stratigraphie mit Ausblicken auf Arten anderer Gebeite und Zeitabschnitte: Teil II, Paläeontographica Abteilung B, 99, 85-191, 1956.
J., Pringle: On a Boring for Coal at Yate, Gloucestershire, Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of Great Britain for 1920, 92-95, 1921.
W., Punt, P. P., Hoen, S., Blackmore, S., Nilsson and A., Le Thomas: Glossary of pollen and spore terminology, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 143, 1-81, 2007.
R. L., Ravn: Palynostratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian coals of Iowa, Iowa Geological Survey Technical Paper, 7, 1-245, 1986.
R. J., Rayner: Azaniodendron a new genus of lycopod from South Africa, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 47, 129-143, 1986.
R., Rößler and B., Buschmann: Some herbaceous lycopods from the Westphalian D of Germany, Review of Palaeobotany Palynology, 80, 259-275, 1994.
G. W., Rothwell: Evidence of pollen tubes in Paleozoic pteridosperms, Science, 175, 772-774, 1972.
J., Schopf: Spores from the Herrin (no. 6) Coal Bed Illinois, Report of Investigations of the Illinois Geological Survey, 50, 1-73, 1938.
A. B., Schwendemann, G., Wang, M. L., Mertz, R. T., McWilliams, S. L., Thatcher and J. M., Osborn: Aerodynamics of saccate pollen and its implications for wind pollination, American Journal of Botany, 94, 1371-1381, 2007.
A. C., Scott and A. R., Hemsley: Paleozoic megasporesIn : (Eds), Palynology: Principles and ApplicationsAmerican Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, College Station, Texas, 629–639., 1996.
A. C., Scott and G. R., King: Megaspores and coal facies: An example from the Westphalian A of Leicestershire, England, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 34, 107-113, 1981.
A. H. V., Smith: The Sequence of Microspore Assemblages Associated with the Occurrence of Crassidurite in Coal Coals of Yorkshire, Geological Magazine, 94, 345-363, 1957.
A. H. V., Smith and M. A., Butterworth: Miospores in the coal seams of the Carboniferous of Great Britain, Special Papers in Palaeontology, 1, 1-324, 1967.
C., Soyez: Quantitative study of the ‘Tuberculatisporites’ in the mines of the Midi (Group of Douai of the H.B.N.P.C, Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 87, 163-170, 1967.
E. G., Spinner: Westphalian D megaspores from the Forest of Dean Coalfield, England, Palaeontology, 8, 82-106, 1965.
E. G., Spinner: Palynological evidence on the age of the Carboniferous beds of Woodbury Hill, near Abberley, Worcestershire, Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 35, 507-522, 1966.
B. M., Stidd: An anatomically preserved Potoniéa with in situ spores from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois, America Journal of Botany, 65, 677-683, 1978.
C. J., Stubblefield and F. M., Trotter: Divisions of the Coal Measures on Geological Survey maps of England and Wales, Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 13, 1-5, 1957.
T. N., Taylor: Ultrastructural studies of Paleozoic seed fern pollen: Sporoderm development, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 37, 29-53, 1982.
T. N., Taylor, E. L., Taylor and M., Krings: Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Plants (2nd edn)Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1230pp., 2009.
N., Turner and E., Spinner: Palynological evidence for the age of the Coal Measures of the Titterstone Clee Coalfield, Shropshire, England, Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 48, 81-89, 1990.
R. H., Wagner: Palaeobotanical dating of Upper Carboniferous folding phases in NW Spain, Memorias del Instituto Geologico y Minero de España, 66, 1-169, 1966.
R. H., Wagner and E., Spinner: The stratigraphic implications of the Westphalian D macro- and microflora of the forest of Dean Coalfield (Gloucestershire), EnglandInternational Geological Congress, 7: 428–437., 1972.
C. N., Waters and S. J., Davies: Carboniferous extensional basins, advancing deltas and coal swampsIn : (Eds), The Geology of England and Wales (2nd edn)Geological Society, London, 173–223., 2006.
C. N., Waters, R. A., Waters, W. J., Barclay and J. R., Davies: A lithostratigraphical framework for the Carboniferous successions of southern Great Britain (Onshore)British Geological Survey, Research Report RR/09/01, 184pp., 2009.
C. N., Waters, R. A., Waters, N. S., Jones, C. J., Cleal and J. R., Davies: Bristol, Mendips and Forest of DeanIn : (Eds), A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British IslesGeological Society, London, Special Reports, 26: 37–43., 2011.
C. H., Wellman: Ultrastructure of dispersed and in situ specimens of the Devonian spore Rhabdosporites langii (Eisenack) Richardson 1960: Evidence for the evolutionary relationships of Progymnosperms, Palaeontology, 52, 139-167, 2009.
M. R., Winslow: Upper Mississippian and Pennsylvanian megaspores and other plant microfossils from Illinois, Illinois State Geological Survey Bullitin, 86, 1-135, 1959.
R., Zeiller: Bassin Houiller de Valenciennes, Description de la Flore Fossile, Atlas Études des Gîtes Mineraux de la FranceMaison Quantin, Paris, 731pp., 1886.
R., Zeiller: Bassin houiller et permien de Blanzy et du CreusotFlore fossileAtlas Études des Gîtes Minéraux de la FranceImprimérie Nationale, Paris, 261pp., 1906.
J., Zerndt: Les megaspores du bassin houiller Polonais; premier partie, Académie Polonaise, Science Bulletin International, Travaux Géologiques, 1, 1-55, 1934.
