Chaloner, W.: The palaeoecology of fossil spores, Evolution and environment,
Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 125–138, 1968.
Clay Kelly, D., Bralower, T. J., Zachos, J. C., Silva, I. P., and Thomas, E.:
Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP
Site 865) during the late Paleocene thermal maximum, Geology, 24, 423–426,
1996.
Clementz, M., Bajpai, S., Ravikant, V., Thewissen, J., Saravanan, N., Singh,
I., and Prasad, V.: Early Eocene warming events and the timing of terrestrial
faunal exchange between India and Asia, Geology, 39, 15–18, 2011.
Contreras, L., Pross, J., Bijl, P. K., Koutsodendris, A., Raine, J. I., van
de Schootbrugge, B., and Brinkhuis, H.: Early to middle Eocene vegetation
dynamics at the Wilkes Land Margin (Antarctica), Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno.,
197, 119–142, 2013.
Contreras, L., Pross, J., Bijl, P. K., O'Hara, R. B., Raine, J. I., Sluijs,
A., and Brinkhuis, H.: Southern high-latitude terrestrial climate
change
during the Palaeocene–Eocene derived from a marine pollen record (ODP Site
1172, East Tasman Plateau), Clim. Past, 10, 1401–1420,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, 2014.
Cramwinckel, M. J., Huber, M., Kocken, I. J., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K.,
Bohaty, S. M., Frieling, J., Goldner, A., Hilgen, F. J., Kip, E. L., Peterse,
F., van der Ploeg, R., Röhl, U., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.:
Synchronous tropical and polar temperature evolution in the Eocene, Nature,
559, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0272-2, 2018.
Crouch, E. M., Dickens, G. R., Brinkhuis, H., Aubry, M. P., Hollis, C. J.,
Rogers, K. M., and Visscher, H.: The Apectodinium acme and terrestrial
discharge during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: New palynological,
geochemical and calcareous nannoplankton observations at Tawanui, New
Zealand, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 194, 387–403,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00334-1, 2003.
Dilcher, D. L.: Epiphyllous fungi from Eocene deposits in western Tennessee,
USA, Palaeontogr. Abt. B, 116, 1–54, 1965.
Dolson, J., Burley, S. D., Sunder, V., Kothari, V., Naidu, B., Whiteley, N.
P., Farrimond, P., Taylor, A., Direen, N., and Ananthakrishnan, B.: The
discovery of the Barmer Basin, Rajasthan, India, and its petroleum geology
Barmer Basin Petroleum Geology, India, AAPG Bull., 99, 433–465, 2015.
Dutta, S., Tripathi, S. M., Mallick, M., Mathews, R. P., Greenwood, P. F.,
Rao, M. R., and Summons, R. E.: Eocene out-of-India dispersal of Asian
dipterocarps, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 166, 63–68, 2011.
Evans, D., Sagoo, N., Renema, W., Cotton, L. J., Müller, W., Todd, J. A.,
Saraswati, P. K., Stassen, P., Ziegler, M., and Pearson, P. N.: Eocene
greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 1174–1179, 2018.
Frieling, J. and Sluijs, A.: Towards quantitative environmental
reconstructions from ancient nonanalogue microfossil assemblages: Ecological
preferences of Paleocene–Eocene dinoflagellates, Earth-Sci. Rev., 185,
956–973, 2018.
Frieling, J., Reichart, G.-J., Middelburg, J. J., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T.,
Bohaty, S. M., and Sluijs, A.: Tropical Atlantic climate and ecosystem regime
shifts during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Clim. Past, 14, 39–55,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018.
Garg, R., Ateequzzaman, K., Prasad, V., Tripathi, S., Singh, I., Jauhri, A.,
and Bajpai, S.: Agediagnostic dinoflagellate cysts from the lignite-bearing
sediments of the Vastan lignite mine, Surat District, Gujarat, western India,
J. Palaeontol. Soc. India, 53, 99–105, 2008.
Giusberti, L., Coccioni, R., Sprovieri, M., and Tateo, F.: Perturbation at
the sea floor during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Evidence from
benthic foraminifera at Contessa Road, Italy, Mar. Micropaleontol., 70,
102–119, 2009.
Grimm, E.: TGView, Illinois State Museum, Research and Collections Center,
2004.
Harrington, G. J.: Pollen assemblages and Palaeocene–Eocene stratigraphy in
the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins, edited by: Gingerich, P. D., University
of Michigan Papers on Paleontology, Vol. 33, 89–96, 2001.
Jaramillo, C., Rueda, M. J., and Mora, G.: Cenozoic plant diversity in the
neotropics, Science, 311, 1893–1896, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121380, 2006.
Jaramillo, C., Ochoa, D., Contreras, L., Pagani, M., Carvajal-Ortiz, H.,
Pratt, L. M., Krishnan, S., Cardona, A., Romero, M., Quiroz, L., Rodriguez,
G., Rueda, M. J., De La Parra, F., Morón, S., Green, W., Bayona, G.,
Montes, C., Quintero, O., Ramirez, R., Mora, G., Schouten, S., Bermudez, H.,
Navarrete, R., Parra, F., Alvarán, M., Osorno, J., Crowley, J. L.,
Valencia, V., and Vervoort, J.: Effects of rapid global warming at the
paleocene-eocene boundary on neotropical vegetation, Science, 330, 957–961,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193833, 2010.
Kalia, P.: Buliminds from the Middle Eocene of Rajasthan, India, J.
Palaeontol. Soc. India, 21, 44–48, 1978.
Khanolkar, S. and Saraswati, P. K.: Palaeoenvironmental Significance of
Rectilinear Benthic Foraminifera in the Middle Eocene section of Matanaomadh
Sub-basin, Kutch, Proceedings of XXIII Indian Colloquium of Micropaleontology
and Stratigraphy, Special Publication Geological Society of India, 1,
307–317, 2013.
Khanolkar, S. and Saraswati, P. K.: Some observations on an atypical planktic
foraminifer from the Middle Eocene of Kutch, India, J. Micropalaeontol., 35,
54–61, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2015-004, 2016.
Khanolkar, S., Kumar Saraswati, P., and Rogers, K.: Ecology of foraminifera
during the middle Eocene climatic optimum in Kutch, India, Geodin. Acta, 29,
181–193, 2017.
Kumar, K., Rana, R. S., and Singh, H.: Fishes of the Khuiala Formation (Early
Eocene) of the Jaisalmer Basin, Western Rajasthan, India, Curr. Sci. India,
93, 553–559, 2007.
Kumar, M.: Palynostratigraphy and palaeoecology of early Eocene palynoflora
of Rajpardi lignite, Bharuch District, Gujarat, 1994.
Kumar, P., Yuan, X., Kumar, M. R., Kind, R., Li, X., and Chadha, R.: The
rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate, Nature, 449, 894–897, 2007.
Langenheim, J. H.: Biology of amber-producing trees: Focus on case studies of
Hymenaea and Agathis, in: Amber, Resinite and Fossil Resins, edited by:
Anderson, K. G. and Crelling, J. C., American Chemical Society Symposium
Series 617, Washington, DC, 1–31, 1995.
Luciani, V., Giusberti, L., Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Rio, D., Spofforth,
D. J., and Pälike, H.: Ecological and evolutionary response of Tethyan
planktonic foraminifera to the middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO) from the
Alano section (NE Italy), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 292, 82–95, 2010.
Mandal, J. and Guleria, J. S.: Palynology of Vastan Lignite (Surat District)
Gujarat: its age palaeoecology and depositional environment, Palaeobotanist,
55, 51–66, 2006.
McGowran, B.: Maastrichtian to Eocene foraminiferal assemblages in the
northern and eastern Indian Ocean region: Correlations and
historical
patterns, in: Indian Ocean geology and biostratigraphy, edited by: Heirtzler,
J. R., Bolli, H. M., Davies, T. A., Saunders, J. B., and Sclater, J. G.,
American Geophysical Union Special Publication, 417–458,
https://doi.org/10.1029/SP009p0417, 1977.
McGowran, B.: The Tertiary of Australia: foraminiferal overview, Mar.
Micropaleontol., 4, 235–264, 1979.
McGowran, B., Holdgate, G. R., Li, Q., and Gallagher, S. J.: Cenozoic
stratigraphic succession in southeastern Australia, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 51,
459–496, 2004.
Murray, J. W.: Ecology and applications of benthic foraminifera, Cambridge
University Press, 2006.
Murray, J. W. and Wright, C. A.: Palaeogene foraminiferida and palaeoecology,
Hampshire and Paris Basins and the English Channel, 14, Palaeontological
Association, 14, 1–129, 1974.
Naafs, B. D. A., Rohrssen, M., Inglis, G. N., Lähteenoja, O., Feakins, S.
J., Collinson, M. E., Kennedy, E. M., Singh, P. K., Singh, M. P., Lunt, D.
J., and Pancost, R. D.: High temperatures in the terrestrial midlatitudes
during the early Palaeogene, Nat. Geosci., 11, 766–771,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0199-0, 2018.
Nagappa, Y.: Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Eocene
succession in the IndiaPakistan-Burma region, Micropaleontology, 5, 145–177,
1959.
Nagy, J.: Environmental significance of foraminiferal morphogroups in
Jurassic North Sea deltas, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 95, 111–134, 1992.
Nigam, R., Mazumder, A., Henriques, P. J., and Saraswat, R.: Benthic
foraminifera as proxy for oxygen-depleted conditions off the central west
coast of India, Journal of Geological Society of India, 70, 1047–1051, 2007.
Pearson, P. N., Ditchfield, P. W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K. G.,
Nicholas, C. J., Olsson, R. K., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall, M. A.: Warm
tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs,
Nature, 413, 481–487, 2001.
Pearson, P. N., Olsson, R. K., Huber, B. T., Hemleben, C., Berggren, W. A.,
Premoli Silva, I., Coxall, H., Premec Fucek, V., and Wade, B.: Atlas of
Eocene planktonic foraminifera, Epitome, 1, 274–274, 2005.
Prasad, V., Singh, I. B., Bajpai, S., Garg, R., Thakur, B., Singh, A.,
Saravanan, N., and Kapur, V. V.: Palynofacies and sedimentology-based
high-resolution sequence stratigraphy of the lignitebearing muddy coastal
deposits (early Eocene) in the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gulf of Cambay, India,
Facies, 59, 737–761, 2013.
Preece, R., Kaminski, M., and Dignes, T.: Miocene benthonic foraminiferal
morphogroups in an oxygen minimum zone, offshore Cabinda, Geol. Soc. Spec.
Publ., 153, 267–282, 1999.
Pross, J.: Paleo-oxygenation in tertiary epeiric seas: Evidence from
dinoflagellate cysts, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 166, 369–381,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00219-4, 2001.
Pross, J. and Schmiedl, G.: Early Oligocene dinoflagellate cysts from the
Upper Rhine Graben (SW Germany): paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic
implications, Mar. Micropaleontol., 45, 1–24, 2002.
Rage, J.-C., Bajpai, S., Thewissen, J. G., and Tiwari, B. N.: Early Eocene
snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae,
Geodiversitas, 25, 695–716, 2003.
Rana, R., Kumar, K., Singh, H., and Rose, K.: Lower vertebrates from the late
palaeocene–earliest eocene Akli formation, giral lignite mine, Barmer
District, western India, Curr. Sci. India, 89, 1606–1613, 2005.
Rao, M., Sahni, A., Rana, R., and Verma, P.: Palynostratigraphy and
depositional environment of Vastan lignite mine (Early Eocene), Gujarat,
western India, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 122, 289–307, 2013.
Reolid, M., Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J., Nagy, J., and Olóriz, F.:
Benthic foraminiferal morphogroups of mid to outer shelf environments of the
Late Jurassic (Prebetic Zone, southern Spain): characterization of biofacies
and environmental significance, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 261, 280–299, 2008.
Rull, V.: Middle Eocene mangroves and vegetation changes in the Maracaibo
Basin, Venezuela, Palaios, 13, 287–296, 1998.
Samant, B. and Phadtare, N.: Stratigraphic palynoflora of the Early Eocene
Rajpardi lignite, Gujarat andthe lower age limit of the Tarkeswar Formation
of South Cambay Basin, India, Palaeontogr. Abt. B, 245, 1–108, 1997.
Samanta, A., Bera, M., Ghosh, R., Bera, S., Filley, T., Pande, K., Rathore,
S., Rai, J., and Sarkar, A.: Do the large carbon isotopic excursions in
terrestrial organic matter across Paleocene–Eocene boundary in India
indicate intensification of tropical precipitation?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,
387, 91–103, 2013.
Saraswati, P. K., Khanolkar, S., Raju, D. S. N., Dutta, S., Banerjee, S.,
Wang, Y., and Liu, M.: Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of lignite mines of
Kutch India: Age of lignite fossil vertebrates, J. Palaeogeogr., 3, 90–98,
2014.
Saraswati, P. K., Khanolkar, S., and Banerjee, S.: Paleogene stratigraphy of
Kutch, India: an update about progress in foraminiferal biostratigraphy,
Geodin. Acta, 30, 100–118, 2018.
Sarkar, U., Banerjee, S., Saraswati, P., Yuan, W., and Min, L.: Integrated
borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level cycles within the
Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India, J. Palaeogeogr., 1,
126–137, 2012.
Selkirk, D.: Tertiary fossil fungi from Kiandra, New South Wales, Proc.
Linnean. Soc. NSW, 1975,
Sharma, J. and Saraswati, P. K.: Lignites of Kutch, western India:
Dinoflagellate biostratigraphy and palaeoclimate, Revue de
Micropaléontologie, 58, 107–119, 2015.
Singh, A., Rai, A., Verma, K., Das, S., and Bharti, S.: Benthic foraminiferal
diversity response to the climate induced changes in the eastern Arabian Sea
oxygen minimum zone during the last 30 ka BP, Quaternary Int., 374,
118–125, 2015.
Singh, S. and Kalia, P.: A new planktonic foraminifer from the middle Eocene
of India, Micropaleontology, 16, 76–82, 1970.
Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., Crouch, E. M., John, C. M., Handley, L.,
Munsterman, D., Bohaty, S. M., Zachos, J. C., Reichart, G. J., Schouten, S.,
Pancost, R. D., Damsté, J. S. S., Welters, N. L. D., Lotter, A. F., and
Dickens, G. R.: Eustatic variations during the
Paleocene-Eocene greenhouse
world, Paleoceanography, 23, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001615, 2008.
Stassen, P., Steurbaut, E., Morsi, A.-M., Schulte, P., and Speijer, R.:
Biotic impact of Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 in a shelf setting (Dababiya,
Egypt), Austrian J. Earth Sci., 105, 154–160, 2012.
Suan, G., Popescu, S.-M., Suc, J.-P., Schnyder, J., Fauquette, S., Baudin,
F., Yoon, D., Piepjohn, K., Sobolev, N. N., and Labrousse, L.: Subtropical
climate conditions and mangrove growth in Arctic Siberia during the early
Eocene, Geology, 45, 539–542, 2017.
Thomas, E. and Shackleton, N. J.: The Paleocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal
extinction and stable isotope anomalies, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 101,
401–441, 1996.
Tripathi, S. K. and Srivastava, D.: Palynology and palynofacies of the early
Palaeogene lignite bearing succession of Vastan, Cambay Basin, western India,
Acta Palaeobotanica, 52, 157–175, 2012.
Westgate, J. W. and Gee, C. T.: Paleoecology of a middle Eocene mangrove
biota (vertebrates, plants, and invertebrates) from southwest Texas,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 78, 163–177, 1990.
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends,
rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292,
686–693, 2001.
Zamagni, J., Mutti, M., Ballato, P., and Košir, A.: The Paleocene–Eocene
thermal maximum (PETM) in shallow-marine successions of the Adriatic
carbonate platform (SW Slovenia), Bulletin, 124, 1071–1086, 2012.
